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哈佛教授这样上课
(接10月12日上期,上期介绍了西方的案例教学方法,本文作者现在北京外国
语大学应用英语学院英语国防商务专业任教)
实际上,虽说学生对这种教学方式的感觉是全新的,开始时对那些概念也是一
知半解,更不用说做这一切都要用英语来进行。而现在,大多数同学已经非常透彻
地理解了这一问题。他们论及了所有相关的主要观点,比如在第一个案例中,给还
是不给那个工厂贷款以扩大再生产;在第二个案例中,是继续还是拒绝为公司的流
动资本贷款。
他们实际所理解的远比他们自己估计的要多得多,做决策时他们的论据也比他
们自己所相信的程度要坚实得多。但是,并没有一个现成的样板由一个所谓全能的
教授用来衡量学生们的决策,这就像在现实的商界不存在一个神人可以去讨教一样。
在这门课程的后期,在我“冷酷”地拒绝告诉他们应该怎么做长达几个月后,他们
开始理解了这一点。他们争论时已带有明显增强了的自信心,并且非常正确地使用
诸如每股收益、债权比率、流动资产、价格收益率、金融风险等术语。
为什么这种不由教师演讲而是以无秩序的同学间的讨论———与传统的中国教
法完全相悖的方式,对于中国学生如同对于美国、法国、荷兰的青年一样,也是基
本成功的呢?
我认为原因之一是那些源于生活的案例以一种特定的方式自动地激励我们;无
论国籍如何,我们都对其基本事实进行思考。这并不是说来自不同文化的人不以不
同的方式来思考,或不以不同的假设来运作。但他们的决策将不会那么不同,因为
我们理解基本的人类状况时的思路是相似的。
而另一个原因,我认为———这在很大程度上是我作为局外人的一种解释———
特别与中国人有关并且牵涉到他们自身的思辨能力。对于西方人来说,中国人对传
统的忠诚以及对习惯做法的执着似乎是不够灵活的一种体现。在外国人的心目中,
这一点的典型代表就是书面汉语以及要学好它所需要的令人难以置信的严密的规矩。
但是,我也注意到,实际上,中国人的推理具有很大的灵活性,有很强的能力适应
新事物。具有讽刺意味的是,我认为这一特点实际上恰恰也是由书面汉语体现出来
的,这与它凝炼的特性(如成语、古文)以及可通过相邻的字来猜意思的相关逻辑
有关。这一特点更普遍地表现在中国人抽象思维的天分和著名的数学能力方面。我
的中国学生在运用数学公式来解释其观点时比美国学生用得多。
我认为,这一潜在的思辨灵活性给了中国人可观的能力来理解构思不熟悉的事
物。原国际商务专业负责人王俊木梁先生用了一个很小的,但我觉得是很有说服力
的例子来解释这一点:为了给Windows软件造一个中国词,人们在窗(Windows)前
面加了一个“视”字,用来表达通过一个窗口来看新天地的感觉。如此一种被外国
人误认为是僵化的语言却被运用得如此有洞察力,造出了一个比英文原词更有意义
更有启示的词。
我并非是在声明中国使用案例法教授商务课程已经很完美了,我的学生在课堂
上还常常很腼腆,不愿意发言,这当然有损于整个教学过程。他们常常以令人难以
置信的、令人感动的刻苦来代替主动地由自己把问题想透彻,因此就全然不得要领。
一些中国人自己也开始抨击这种根深蒂固的习惯,正如北外应用英语学院的领导朱
唯芳先生所说:“让我们跳出中国人被认为只会模仿的境地吧!”这也又一次表明
了中国人能灵活地适应现实世界。
考虑到这样一个事实:市场经济的基本要求之一就是经理们不能畏惧在变换莫
测的条件下做决定。中国人也就必须培养勇敢的,具有创造力、洞察力的经理。在
西方,采用案例研究是西方现今教授决策的最普遍的方法之一,从我的个人观察来
看,中国人也完全有能力在教育中采用这种方法。对此,除了其他高校表现出兴趣
之外,我的北外同事也以极大的热情准备将这种方法介绍到他们的课堂上,这些确
实加强了我的信念,因此我相信,有充分理由对中国的教育持乐观态度,它将变得
能面对正在进行的中国经济改革所隐含的种种挑战。
Douglas Coulter(美)
In fact, although the students are completely new at this
and at first only half-understand the concepts, to say
nothing of the difficulty of doing all of this in English,
by far the majority of them have understood the problem
extremely well. They cover all the major arguments
regarding, in the first example, whether or not to grant the
loan for the factory expansion, or, in the second, to renew
or refuse the credit for working capital.?
They understand a lot more than they think they do, and
they have much sounder reasons for deciding what they would
do than they believe, but there is no template laid down by
a supposedly all-knowing professor to measure their decisions
against.?Just as in the real world of business, there is no
oracle to consult. By the end of the course, after I?ve
stonily refused for several months to tell them what they
should do, they begin to realize this.?They debate with
notably greater confidence and employ with complete
correctness such terms as earnings per share, debt-equity
ratio, liquidity, price-earnings ratio, and financial risk.
Why would an approach that is not a lecture but instead a
disorderly discussion among students, and which departs so
radically from traditional Chinese teaching practices, seem to
work essentially just as well with Chinese students as it
does with young people from America, France or the Netherlands?
One reason, I believe is that situations taken from real
life automatically stir us in a special way; we all react
to the basic circumstances regardless of our nationalities.
This is not to say that people from different cultures won't
react differently or don't operate from different assumptions.
But their decisions won't be that different, because we
understand the basic human situation similarly.?
Another reason, I believe - and this is very much my
outsider's interpretation - is particularly related to the
Chinese and concerns their own intellectual ability.?Chinese
loyalty to tradition and attachment to customary practice can
to Westerners seem a sign of inflexibility.?This is perhaps
best represented in the foreigner's mind by the Chinese
written language and the incredible, meticulous discipline
required to learn it.?I have observed, however, that Chinese
reasoning in practice has great flexibility and a strong
capacity to adapt to new situations.?Ironically, I believe
this facility is actually illustrated precisely by the written
language and is related to its condensed character and the
associative logic used to draw meaning from juxtaposed
characters.?This is the same facility that shows itself more
generally in the Chinese gift for abstraction and renowned
ability in mathematics.?My Chinese students employ
mathematical formulas to explain themselves more often than
American students do.?
This underlying intellectual flexibility, I believe, gives
the Chinese a considerable ability to understand and
conceptualize unfamiliar situations.?The head of Beiwai?s
International Business Department, Wan Cuifeng, illustrated
this to me with a small but, I believe, telling example:
To coin a Chinese term for the Windows software program,
people used the character chuang (window) but prefixed it
with shi (to look) to convey a sense of looking through a
window out onto a new universe.?Thus a language that
foreigners mistakenly think of as rigid was employed
insightfully to create a term more expressive and suggestive
than the English original.?
I am not asserting that the use of the case-study method
to teach business works perfectly in China. My students
often seem very shy and loath to speak in class, which of
course undermines the whole exercise. They often substitute
incredible and touching diligence for trying to think through
a problem on their own, thereby missing the whole point.
But some Chinese themselves deprecate these ingrained habits;
as Zhu Weifang, the head of Beiwai's English Communications
Department, said: “Let's get awayfrom having the Chinese
always known just for copying things.“?This again reveals
the Chinese flexibly adapting to reality.?
Given the fact that one of the fundamental requirements
in a market economy is managers unafraid to make decisions
amid uncertainty, the Chinese will have to train bold,
creative and insightful managers as well. The use of case
studies is now one of the most common methods in the West
for teaching decision-making, and the Chinese are, I would
have to say from my own observation, perfectly capable of
adopting the method in their education. The enthusiasm with
which my other Beiwai colleagues are trying to introduce it
into their classrooms, as well as the interest expressed by
other institutions, has only deepened my conviction.?Thus I
believe there is every reason to be optimistic that Chinese
education will evolve to meet the challenges implicit in the
ongoing reform of China's economy. |
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