最新系列图书 Handbook of Pragmatics Highlights Series
Handbook of Pragmatics Highlights Series是John Benjamins出版社于2009年新推出的系列图书。目前已出版十本：
1. Key Notions for Pragmatics 2009.
2. Culture and Language Use 2009.
3. Cognition and Pragmatics 2009.
4. The Pragmatics of Interaction 2009.
5. Grammar, Meaning and Pragmatics 2009.
6. Variation and Change: Pragmatic perspectives 2010.
7. Society and Language Use 2010.
8. Discursive Pragmatics 2010.
9. Pragmatics in Practice 2010.
10. Philosophical Perspectives 2010.
Handbook of Pragmatics Highlights
Series Editor Books
Jef Verschueren, University of Antwerp
Jan-Ola 謘tman, University of Helsinki
The ten volumes of Handbook of Pragmatics Highlights focus on the most salient topics in the field of pragmatics, thus dividing its wide interdisciplinary spectrum in a transparent and manageable way. Each volume starts with an up-to-date overview of its field of interest and brings together some 12–20 entries on its most pertinent aspects.
Since 1995 the Handbook of Pragmatics (HoP) and the HoP Online (in conjunction with the Bibliography of Pragmatics Online) have provided continuously updated state-of-the-art information for students and researchers interested in the science of language in use. Their value as a basic reference tool is now enhanced with the publication of a topically organized series of paperbacks presenting HoP Highlights.
Whether your interests are predominantly philosophical, cognitive, grammatical, social, cultural, variational, interactional, or discursive, the HoP Highlights volumes make sure you always have the most relevant encyclopedic articles at your fingertips. 1. Key Notions for Pragmatics 2009. xiii, 253 pp.
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Edited by Jef Verschueren and Jan-Ola 謘tman
University of Antwerp / University of Helsinki
The view behind this series defines pragmatics briefly as the cognitive, social, and
cultural science of language and communication. This first volume introduces some of
the most salient notions that are commonly encountered in the pragmatic literature,
such as deixis, implicitness, speech acts, context, and the like. It situates the field
of pragmatics in relation to a general concept of communication and the discipline
of semiotics. It also touches upon the non-verbal aspects of language use and even
ventures a comparison with non-human forms of communication. This introductory
chapter is intended to explain why a highly diversified field of scholarship such as
pragmatics can be regarded as a potentially coherent enterprise. 2. Culture and Language Use 2009.xiii, 280 pp.
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Edited by Gunter Senft, Jan-Ola 謘tman and Jef Verschueren
Max-Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics / University of Helsinki / University of Antwerp
Anthropology is the discipline which is centrally concerned with the concept of culture
(see Sarangi, this volume), and linguistics is the discipline which is centrally concerned
with language, languages and how their speakers use them. Bronislaw Malinowski
(1920:78) pointed out that “linguistics without ethnography would fare as badly as ethnography
without the light thrown in it by language” and Charles F. Hockett (1973: 675)
varied this theme emphasizing that “inguistics without anthropology is sterile; anthropology
without linguistics is blind”.
In what follows I first characterize Wilhelm von Humboldt’s contribution to the
study of culture and language use – after a brief reference to Johann Gottfried Herder.
Then I discuss some of the ideas of scholars like Malinowski, Boas, Sapir, Whorf and
others who have been shaping the field and briefly outline some of its most important
traditions, methods and topics. I finish with presenting some examples of interdisciplinary
research which dealt, or still deals, with the interrelationship between language use,
culture and cognition (see also Senft: 2006a). Before I start, however, I would like to point
out that for me the overall topic of this volume – culture and language use – defines the
research domain of the subdiscipline “anthropological linguistics” in its broad sense.1 3. Cognition and Pragmatics 2009. xvii, 399 pp.
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Edited by Dominiek Sandra, Jan-Ola 謘tman and Jef Verschueren
University of Antwerp / University of Helsinki / University of Antwerp
This book represents a broad array of approaches to language from a cognitive perspective.
In the majority of these approaches, language and cognition are considered to be interacting
capacities of the human mind, such that cognitive abilities do not play a peripheral
but rather a crucial role in various forms of language use. The contributions have been
ordered alphabetically, but in the following paragaphs I briefly review them thematically.
First of all, there is a chapter on Cognitive grammar, written by Ronald Langacker, the
founding father of this discipline. Cognitive grammar is the antipode of the Chomskyan
approach to language, stressing the central role of general cognitive principles in language
and the language user’s sensori-motor interactions with his surroundings.
Secondly, there are chapters that offer a general introduction to the broad field of language
and cognition. The most general one is a chapter with a title that is the umbrella term
for many separate lines of research in the field: Cognitive science. In this paper, Seana Coulson
and Teenie Matlock describe the separate angles from which language is studied within a
cognitive framework and review the major research techniques. Another chapter is a methodological
one, in which a frequently used method in research on language and cognition
is discussed: the experimental method. This chapter, Experimentation, written by the present
author, describes a number of essential notions for setting up a sound experimental design
and describes the rationale behind statistical testing in general and the most frequently used
statistical tests in particular.
Further, there are chapters with a focus on developmental issues. In the chapter Developmental
psychology, written by Susan Ervin-Tripp, the major research topics, theories on
cognitive development and research methods are discussed. Additionally, the author relates
questions in developmental research to issues in pragmatics. Another chapter zooms in on
one particular aspect of development: the acquisition of language. In their chapter on Language
acquisition, Steven Gillis and Dorit Ravid give an overview of the different theoretical
perspectives on language acquisition, ranging from the nativist to the empiricist perspective.
They describe a variety of possible bootstrapping mechanisms that an infant can use for
getting started in the process of language acquisition, without having to fall back on innate
structural constraints. They also discuss different research methods and emphasize variation
between and within children. Finally, they point out that language acquisition does not
stop at the age of four and that there is a need for studies on older age groups.
Another set of chapters addresses different linguistic levels that can be addressed in
studies involving language and cognition. These levels range from the recognition and production of language forms, to issues of semantic categorization and metalinguistic
awareness. In the chapter on Psycholinguistics, the present author describes how this discipline
was founded and how it can be defined in terms of its major goals, theoretical
models, research methodologies, and techniques. He then covers the literature on psycholinguistic
research that has been performed with respect to the four language modalities:
visual word recognition (reading) and production (spelling), speech perception
and speech production. As a review of each of these four research domains could form a
chapter of its own, the chapter on psycholinguistics is longer than other chapters in the
volume. There are two more chapters dealing with psycholinguistic topics. In the chapter
on The multilingual lexicon, Ton Dijkstra addresses the question whether speakers of multiple
languages have separate mental lexicons for each language, inhibiting the irrelevant
one(s), or whether words from all languages are stored together in a single mental lexicon
and activated language-independently. He discusses studies that support the single lexicon
idea, citing evidence obtained with different experimental techniques. In the chapter on
Comprehension vs. production, J. Cooper Cutting raises a question that has concerned
many psycholinguists: is comprehension the sequence of production processes in reverse,
and vice versa? He tackles this question with respect to research on the mental lexicon and
on syntactic processing. A chapter by Roger Lindsay, Perception and language, moves to a
higher level of language. The question is raised to what extent the knowledge of a language
affects our perception of the world and the operation of higher-order cognitive
processes,
which leads to the Sapir-Whorf debate. However, the larger part of the paper addresses
a set of possible interactions between language, perception, action, and consciousness.
The contribution by Eleanor Rosch, Categorization, describes the classical view, which
defined categories (concepts) as sets of individually necessary and collectively sufficient
conditions and how this view had to make place for a theory in which graded structure
and the notion of prototypes became the central notions (her own theory). She describes
how this new view was mathematically modeled and how some researchers attempted
to salvage the classical view by construing hybrid theories. Still one level higher up the
ladder of linguistic abstraction we find humans’ ability to reflect on their own language
use. This reflexive capacity, one of the defining features of language use, is addressed by
Elizabeth Mertz and Jonathan Yovel in their chapter Metalinguistic awareness. A chapter
by Wallace Chafe on Consciousness and language also addresses our capacity to be aware
of our own speech production. Chafe argues that there are foci in language that attract
our attention, like prosodic units, and discusses the different types of activation costs that
are involved when our consciousness is directed on some topic. He argues that intonation
units absorb limited capacity, unlike higher-level units, such as discourse topics, which
must also attract our attention, even though these take up too much capacity to be active
in consciousness all at once.
Finally, the book addresses a number of modern techniques that have turned out to be
quite successful for modeling human cognition, particularly language processing. In the chapter on Connectionism, Ton Weijters and Antal van den Bosch explain what connectionist
modeling actually is. They describe the operation of a perceptron, which is an artificial
device that carries out some form of neuron-like computing and can thus be considered the
forerunner of connectionist models. They then go on to discuss the algorithm of backpropagation
in connectionist models, which are based on the principle of supervised learning.
Finally, they discuss the concept of unsupervised learning on the basis of self-organizing
feature maps. They also mention ways in which connectionist modeling might be useful
for pragmatics. In their chapter on Artificial Intelligence, Steven Gillis, Walter
Daelemans
and Koenraad De Smedt define the symbol system hypothesis, which states that knowledge
should be physically represented and that programmes should manipulate these physical
symbols. They discuss the various available paradigms for representing knowledge and
how linguistic symbols can be manipulated in semantic and pragmatic contexts. In his
chapter on the Cerebral representation of language Michel Paradis puts the concept of dyshyponoia
central, i.e., the language problems that many brain-injured people experience
after damage to the right hemisphere: while being able to use and understand the literal
meaning of language, they have lost its pragmatic function and have, for instance, trouble
with metaphor, metonymy, humor, and other kinds of non-literal language use. The author
also addresses these patients’ problems with pragmatic inferences, which are not logically
required but make the communication work. Throughout the paper Paradis relates different
functions to the left and right hemispheres. 很好，就是目前没有地方弄到，太新了。 4. The Pragmatics of Interaction
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Each one of the following articles outlines a tradition, presents a basic analytical concept,
or sketches the contribution of a particular author that, in one way or another,
enhances our understanding of naturally occurring interaction as a socially organized
activity. The domain that will be covered is defined rather loosely. A first requirement
for inclusion in the present volume is that the Handbook entry in question is concerned
with the empirical investigation of how human beings organize their exchanges
in natural settings. Second, each entry focuses on speech as a form of social action.
Third, the articles concentrate on how these actions are practically accomplished, thus
taking the analysis beyond the level of ‘what is said’ to that of the interactional organization
of speech and action. 5. Grammar, Meaning and Pragmatics
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The topic of this volume is the relationship between the field of grammar, as the study
of the structural features of linguistic objects (sentences, phrases, words), and that of
pragmatics, which broadly speaking studies aspects of language in use (utterances/
speech acts). Since the nature of grammar is held essentially to resolve into issues of
the knowledge of so-called rules of composition (or competence) and, on the other
hand, pragmatics is concerned with characterizing the behavior of language users (as
performance), one of the main challenges in bringing the two disciplines together will
be to investigate the possible links between typically human, rational knowledge and
purposeful, for the larger part culturally acquired behavior. That is, instead of more
or less presuming that such behavior, in a particular context, is always simply determined
by already available knowledge (of what to do/say), we might also consider the
potential influence that repeated patterns of behavior, as initially observed in others,
have on “emerging” knowledge systems, even if they are highly schematic as in the
case of natural language. This would not make language less rational a phenomenon,
at least not in the sense of being less meaningful or motivated. And indeed, if meaning
is what makes people jump (i.e., makes them pay closer attention in the form of an
interpretation and, in certain situations, imitate), then it should come as no surprise
that the key to relating grammar and pragmatics lies in discovering the very subtle and
abstract meanings behind grammatical structures, which have more often than not
been thought to be devoid of any kind of functionality other than formal. So, while
in the not so distant past the encroachment of pragmatics upon grammar was limited
to establishing domains where “rules” did not appear to apply (lexically prompted
“exceptions” in syntax, context-dependent expressions in semantics), we have now
reached a point where certain grammatical theories adopt a fully pragmatic perspective,
usually referred to as “usage-based”. This means that they address the formative
impact of actual instances of language use on the system as a whole, and that meaning
intentions, as a result of them being intertwined with form in any one such instance,
play a crucial role at every level of organization, from the morpheme, over idioms and
formulae, to constructional templates. This is how meaning (purpose), use (behavior),
and linguistic knowledge can be seen as interrelated, and in the remainder of this Introduction I will try to sketch some of the historical background against which the
developing relationship between grammar and pragmatics is situated.
Primarily, the volume offers an overview of a number of older and more recent,
generally functionally oriented, models of grammar that, in one way or another,
acknowledge the relevance of pragmatic themes. Each of the contributing authors asks
how this affects the general outlook on language structure of these models, whether
issues of language use inform their very makeup or are merely included as possible
subject matter, and how far the actual integration of pragmatics ultimately goes (is it a
module/layer or is the model truly usage-based?). In these chapters, which will be presented
in Section 1, systematic care has been taken to highlight the relevant problems
and focus on the implications of considering pragmatic phenomena from the point
of view of grammar. Furthermore, a limited number of chapters deal with traditional
topics in the grammatical literature, and specifically those which are called pragmatic
because they either are not strictly concerned with truth (semantics) but rather operate
on it – to some people, this is the definition of modality –, or receive their (truth) value
only from an interaction with context. These will be briefly discussed in Section 2.
Finally, a concluding Section 3 reflects on the apparent naturalization of grammar
that goes together with the increased attention paid to extra-linguistic motivation, and
points out some consequences for the conception of language as a symbolic system. I've got volume 1-5
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