Image, Language, Brain: Papers from the First Mind Articulation Project Symposium
By Alec Marantz, Yasushi Miyashita, Wayne O'Neil
* Publisher:The MIT Press
* Number Of Pages:280
* Publication Date:2000-12-25
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0262133717
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780262133715
Product Description:
Recent attempts to unify linguistic theory and brain science have grown out of recognition that a proper understanding of language in the brain must reflect the steady advances in linguistic theory of the last forty years. The first Mind Articulation Project Symposium addressed two main questions: How can the understanding of language from linguistic research be transformed through the study of the biological basis of language? And how can our understanding of the brain be transformed through this same research? The best model so far of such mutual constraint is research on vision. Indeed, the two long-term goals of the Project are to make linguistics and brain science mutually constraining in the way that has been attempted in the study of the visual system and to formulate a cognitive theory that more strongly constrains visual neuroscience. The papers in this volume discuss the current status of the cognitive/neuroscience synthesis in research on vision, whether and how linguistics and neuroscience can be integrated, and how integrative brain mechanisms can be studied through the use of noninvasive brain-imaging techniques. Contributors Noam Chomsky, Ann Christophe, Robert Desimone, Richard Frackowiak, Angela Friederici, Edward Gibson, Peter Indefrey, Masao Ito, Willem Levelt, Alec Marantz, Jacques Mehler, Yasushi Miyashita, David Poeppel, Franck Ramus, John Reynolds, Kensuke Sekihara, Hiroshi Shibasaki.
Sentence Comprehension: The Integration of Habits and Rules (Language, Speech, and Communication)
By David J. Townsend, Thomas G. Bever
* Publisher:The MIT Press
* Number Of Pages:600
* Publication Date:2001-05-28
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0262700808
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780262700801
Product Description:
Using sentence comprehension as a case study for all of cognitive science, David Townsend and Thomas Bever offer an integration of two major approaches, the symbolic-computational and the associative-connectionist. The symbolic-computational approach emphasizes the formal manipulation of symbols that underlies creative aspects of language behavior. The associative-connectionist approach captures the intuition that most behaviors consist of accumulated habits. The authors argue that the sentence is the natural level at which associative and symbolic information merge during comprehension.
The authors develop and support an analysis-by-synthesis model that integrates associative and symbolic information in sentence comprehension. This integration resolves problems each approach faces when considered independently. The authors review classic and contemporary symbolic and associative theories of sentence comprehension, and show how recent developments in syntactic theory fit well with the integrated analysis-by-synthesis model. They offer analytic, experimental, and neurological evidence for their model and discuss its implications for broader issues in cognitive science, including the logical necessity of an integration of symbolic and connectionist approaches in the field.
The Cradle of Language (Studies in the Evolution of Language)
By Rudolf Botha, Chris Knight
* Publisher:Oxford University Press, USA
* Number Of Pages:320
* Publication Date:2009-06-22
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0199545855
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780199545858
Product Description:
This book is the first to focus on the African origins of human language. It explores the origins of language and culture 250,000-150,000 years ago when modern humans evolved in Africa. Scholars from around the world address the fossil, genetic, and archaeological evidence and critically examine the ways it has been interpreted. The book also considers parellel developments among Europe's Neanderthals and the contrasting outcomes for the two species. Following an extensive introduction contextualizing and linking the book's topics and approaches, fifteen chapters bring together many of the most significant recent findings and developments in modern human origins research. The fields represented by the authors include genetics, biology, behavioural ecology, linguistics, archaeology, cognitive science, and anthropology.
The Prehistory of Language (Studies in the Evolution of Language)
By Rudolf Botha, Chris Knight
* Publisher:Oxford University Press, USA
* Number Of Pages:352
* Publication Date:2009-06-22
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0199545871
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780199545872
Product Description:
'When, why, and how did language evolve?' 'Why do only humans have language?' This book looks at these and other questions about the origins and evolution of language. It does so via a rich diversity of perspectives, including social, cultural, archaeological, palaeoanthropological, musicological, anatomical, neurobiological, primatological, and linguistic. Among the subjects it considers are: how far sociality is a prerequisite for language; the evolutionary links between language and music; the relation between natural selection and niche construction; the origins of the lexicon; the role of social play in language development; the use of signs by great apes; the evolution of syntax; the evolutionary biology of language; the insights offered by Chomsky's biolinguistic approach to mind and language; the emergence of recursive language; the selectional advantages of the human vocal tract; and why women speak better than men.
The authors, drawn from all over the world, are prominent linguists, psychologists, cognitive scientists, archaeologists, primatologists, social anthropologists, and specialists in artificial intelligence. As well as explaining what is understood about the evolution of language, they look squarely at the formidable obstacles to knowing more - the absence of direct evidence, for example; the problems of using indirect evidence; the lack of a common conception of language; confusion about the operation of natural selection and other processes of change; the scope for misunderstanding in a multi-disciplinary field, and many more. Despite these difficulties, the authors in their stylish and readable contributions to this book are able to show just how much has been achieved in this most fruitful and fascinating area of research in the social, natural, and cognitive sciences.
Humboldt, Worldview, and Language
By James Underhill
* Publisher:Edinburgh University Press
* Number Of Pages:160
* Publication Date:2009-06-15
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0748638423
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780748638420
Product Description:
A brief academic introduction to the work of the nineteenth-century German philologist, Wilhelm von Humboldt, referring to theories that connect with the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis.
Optimality-Theoretic Syntax (Language, Speech, and Communication)
By Géraldine Legendre, Jane Grimshaw, Sten Vikner
* Publisher:The MIT Press
* Number Of Pages:555
* Publication Date:2001-04-02
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:026262138X
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780262621380
Product Description:
Recent work in theoretical syntax has revealed the strong explanatory power of the notions of economy, competition, and optimization. Building grammars entirely upon these elements, Optimality Theory syntax provides a theory of universal grammar with a formally precise and strongly restricted theory of universal typology: cross-linguistic variation arises exclusively from the conflict among universal principles. Beginning with a general introduction to Optimality Theory syntax, this volume provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the art, as represented by the work of the leading developers of the theory. The broad range of topics treated includes morphosyntax (case, inflection, voice, and cliticization), the syntax of reference (control, anaphora, and pronominalization), the gammar of clauses (complementizers and their absence), and grammatical and discourse effects in word order. Among the theoretical themes running throughout are the interplay between faithfulness and markedness, and various questions of typology and of inventory. Contributors Peter Ackema, Judith Aissen, Eric Bakovic, Joan Bresnan, Hye-Won Choi, Jo鉶 Costa, Jane Grimshaw, Edward Keer, Géraldine Legendre, Gereon Müller, Ad Neeleman, Vieri Samek-Lodovici, Peter Sells, Margaret Speas, Sten Vikner, Colin Wilson, Ellen Woolford.
Truth and Words
By Gary Ebbs
* Publisher:Oxford University Press, USA
* Number Of Pages:330
* Publication Date:2009-06-01
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0199557934
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780199557936
Product Description:
To clarify and facilitate our inquiries we need to define a disquotational truth predicate that we are directly licensed to apply not only to our own sentences as we use them now, but also to other speakers' sentences and our own sentences as we used them in the past. The conventional wisdom is that there can be no such truth predicate. For it appears that the only instances of the disquotational pattern that we are directly licensed to accept are those that define "is true" for our own sentences as we use them now. Gary Ebbs shows that this appearance is illusory. He constructs an account of words that licenses us to rely not only on formal (spelling-based) identifications of our own words, but also on our non-deliberative practical identifications of other speakers' words and of our own words as we used them in the past. To overturn the conventional wisdom about disquotational truth, Ebbs argues, we need only combine this account of words with our disquotational definitions of truth for sentences as we use them now. The result radically transforms our understanding of truth and related topics, including anti-individualism, self-knowledge, and the intersubjectivity of logic.
Preface
This book is an attempt to fuse together two apparently independent
ideas?the idea that truth and satisfaction are disquotational and the idea
that unless we see good reason in a given context for not doing so, we
are entitled to trust the non-deliberative identifications of sentences and
words on which we rely when we take ourselves to agree or disagree with
others, to learn from what they say, or to express a new discovery. It is
not my first attempt to link these ideas. In Rule-Following and Realism (Ebbs
1997), I recommended that we describe what it is to share a language
from our perspective as participants in actual linguistic interactions with
other speakers, and proposed that we take such descriptions to license us
to apply our disquotational definitions of truth and satisfaction directly to
other speakersˇ words and to our own words as we used them in the past.
I still think this proposal points in the right direction. But I now think it
does not go far enough. If we wish to describe our linguistic practices in
a way that fits with a disquotational account of truth and satisfaction, we
need a more radical approach.
My approach in this book is shaped at every step by the assumption that
we desire to clarify and facilitate our inquiries by regimenting our sentences
and formulating logical generalizations. Given this assumption, I ask, ˉˉDo
we need a truth predicate?ˇˇ and ˉˉIf so, what sort of truth predicate do we
need?ˇˇ I answer these questions in a way that clarifies the non-deliberative
identifications of words on which we rely when we take ourselves to
agree or disagree with others, to learn from what they say, or to express
a new discovery. I explain how to resist our tendency to think of words
as individuated by their spellings or pronunciations together with facts
about how speakers use them, and show how to construct an alternative
conception of words that fits with the non-deliberative identifications of
words on which we rely in our inquiries. I propose that we combine
this alternative conception of words with our disquotational definitions of
truth for sentences as we now use them. The result radically transforms
our understanding of truth and related topics, including anti-individualism,
self-knowledge, and the intersubjectivity of logic.
viii 敲桥歉枪谴嵌歉
During the planning and writing of this book I was fortunate to receive
excellent advice and criticism from many friends and colleagues. When I
started planning the book in 1998, Tom Ricketts warned me, in a tone of
voice that he reserves for his most urgent and provocative philosophical
remarks, ˉˉThere will have to be regimentation.ˇˇ I knew he was right, but
it took me years to figure out exactly how to fit regimentation into my
account (see Chapters 1 and 3). Also in 1998, Hilary Putnam convinced
me that Tarskiˇs definitions of ˉtruth-in-Lˇ for sentences individuated orthographically
(as strings of letters and spaces) are at best incomplete because
they leave us in the dark about the relationship between those definitions
and our ordinary non-deliberative applications of truth to other speakersˇ
utterances. Yet another central part of the book started coming into
focus in 1997 and 1998 when I first formulated various versions of my
gold?platinum thought experiment (see Chapter 6). Conversations with
Adrian Cussins, Brian Loar, Tom Ricketts, Mark Wilson, and George
Wilson were especially helpful to me at that stage, but I also learned a great
deal from discussions at Arizona State University, Florida State University,
Grinnell College, UC-San Diego, UC-Irvine, University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign, and Smith College, where I presented papers that
feature the gold?platinum thought experiment. In my 2000 Central APA
symposium paper ˉˉDenotation and Discoveryˇˇ, I further developed my
view of sameness of satisfaction across time. Mark Wilson was the commentator
for that paper; his comments prompted me to clarify how my view
applies to natural kind terms found in texts written centuries ago. Starting
around 2003, I had several helpful conversations with Henry Jackman,
whose temporal externalism is in some ways similar to my view of sameness
of satisfaction across time, but in other ways fundamentally different from
it (see Chapter 8). In my 2004 Eastern APA symposium paper ˉˉTruth
and Wordsˇˇ, I first presented an alternative to the standard conception
of words. This time Steven Gross was the commentator; he urged me to
clarify my pragmatic grounds for thinking that a disquotational definition
of ˉtrue-in-Lˇ is satisfactory only if it implies that we are directly licensed
to apply ˉtrue-in-Lˇ to other speakersˇ sentences and our own sentences
as we used them in the past. Steven later sent me references to a number
of articles that I found very helpful when I wrote Chapter 4. From 2003
to 2006, I participated in a reading group on linguistics and philosophy of
language with Peter Lasersohn and Lenny Clapp. In bi-weekly discussions
敲桥歉枪谴嵌歉 ix
with Peter and Lenny I learned a great deal about recent work in formal
semantics, and gradually developed my current view (see Chapter 1) that
much of this work can be detached from the controversial explanatory
ambitions of its various authors and pressed into service as part of a pragmatic
account of regimentation. In the spring semesters of 2005 and 2007,
I presented drafts of the book in seminars at the University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign and Indiana University, respectively; the graduate
students in these seminars raised many challenging criticisms that helped me
to clarify my arguments. In the final stages of the writing I received excellent
criticisms and advice from Katy Abramson, Imogen Dickie, Michael
Glanzberg, Steven Gross, David Hills, Henry Jackman, John MacFarlane,
Joan Wiener, and two anonymous readers for Oxford University Press.
Many others also raised objections or gave me advice that helped me to
write this book, including Ben Bayer, Stephen Biggs, Susan Blake, Bill
Brewer, Kyle Broom, Jessica Brown, Nancy Cartwright, Hugh Chandler,
Yajun Chen, Lenny Clapp, Jim Conant, Mike Dunn, Daniel Estrada,
Anthony Everett, Kit Fine, David Finkelstein, Brie Gertler, Sandy Goldberg,
Warren Goldfarb, Robert Gooding-Williams, Tara Gilligan, Richard
Heck, Jon Jarrett, Darryl Jung, Mark Kaplan, John Koethe, Scott Kimbrough,
Phil Kitcher, Phil Kremer, Michael Kremer, Wolfgang K?unne,
Mark Lance, Peter Lasersohn, Michael Liston, Adam Leite, Brian Loar,
Pen Maddy, Ruth Barcan Marcus, Patricia Marino, Mohan Matten, Tim
McCarthy, David McCarty, Art Melnick, Tom Meyer, Nathalie Morasch,
Michael Morgan, Erica Neely, Charles Parsons, Terry Parsons, Oliver
Pooley, Michael Resnick, Sam Rickless, Bill Robinson, Joseph Rouse,
Dick Schacht, Fred Schmitt, Peter Schwartz, David Shwayder, Sanford
Shieh, Barry Smith, Tom Stoneham, Tadeusz Szubka, Alessandra Tanesini,
William Taschek, Kevin Toh, Charles Travis, Steve Wagner, and Chuang
Ye. Warm thanks to all.
Most of the material in Chapter 5 was previously published under the
title ˉˉLearning from Othersˇˇ (Ebbs 2002a), and Chapter 6 draws heavily
from my papers ˉˉThe Very Idea of Sameness of Extension across Timeˇˇ
(Ebbs 2000) and ˉˉDenotation and Discoveryˇˇ (Ebbs 2003). I thank the
editors and publishers of these articles for their permission to include large
parts of them in this book.
I received a fellowship at the Center for Advanced Studies at the
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) to write a first draft
x 敲桥歉枪谴嵌歉
of this book (2001?2), several travel grants from UIUC that made it
possible for me to present some of the central arguments in this book
at other institutions, two grants from the Freeman Fellowship Exchange
Program to present some of these arguments at universities in China (2002,
2004), and funding from the British Academy that covered the costs of my
attendance at Tom Stonehamˇs workshops on sameness of extension across
time (2004, 2005). I am grateful to these institutions and programmes for
their support.
I thank Peter Momtchiloff for his early interest in this project and his
patience while I worked on it.
Above all, I thank my wife, Martha, for her unfailing support and
understanding throughout this long project.
Gary Ebbs
Bloomington, Indiana
23 September 2008
Contents
Introduction 1
莃. Regimentation 14
1.1. Regimentation as Linguistic Policy 14
1.2. Ambiguity 17
1.3. Is Regimentation Possible? 20
1.4. Vagueness 22
1.5. Quantifier Domains, Tense, and Time 25
1.6. Descriptions and Proper Names 27
1.7. Pronouns and Demonstratives 30
1.8. Why Ordinary Language is Indispensable 32
1.9. Limitations of First-Order Logic 33
莄. The Tarski?Quine Thesis 40
2.1. The Indispensability Argument 40
2.2. Why Generalize on Valid Sentences? 48
2.3. Three Attempts to Generalize on Sentences without
Using a Truth Predicate 52
2.4. Horwichˇs Minimal Theory 58
2.5. A Naive Theory of Why it is Epistemically Reasonable for
us to Accept T-Sentences 63
2.6. Surrogate T-Sentences and Explication 65
2.7. Tarskiˇs Convention T 67
2.8. ˉTrue-in-Lˇ Defined in Terms of Satisfaction 70
2.9. How (Tr) Satisfies Convention T and Enables us to
Derive ST-Sentences 72
2.10. Schematic Definitions of ˉTrue-in-Lˇ Rejected 74
2.11. Adopting the Tarski?Quine Thesis 78
2.12. Two Objections 79
xii 嵌锹橇乔歉橇乔瞧
莇. The Intersubjectivity Constraint 82
3.1. A Preliminary Formulation of the Intersubjectivity
Constraint 82
3.2. Practical Identifications of Words (PIWs) 84
3.3. Practical Judgements of Sameness of Satisfaction (PJSSs) 87
3.4. Agreement and Disagreement 90
3.5. Learning from Others 93
3.6. Discoveries 94
3.7. A Reformulation of the Intersubjectivity Constraint 95
3.8. Trust without Trustworthiness? 97
3.9. A Quinean Objection: PJSSs are not Factual 98
3.10. Realism as Integral to the Semantics of the Predicate
ˉTrueˇ 102
莈. How to Think about Words 105
4.1. Is the Tarski?Quine Thesis Incompatible with the
Intersubjectivity Constraint? 105
4.2. Use versus Mention (Transparent Use) 106
4.3. The Orthographic Conception of Words 107
4.4. Explanatory Use (Ex-Use) 108
4.5. The Token-and-Ex-Use Model of Words 112
4.6. Types and Tokens 114
4.7. Kaplanˇs Common Currency Conception of Words 120
4.8. The Context Principle and the PJSS-Based Conception of
Words 127
4.9. How to Satisfy the Intersubjectivity Constraint without
Rejecting the Tarski?Quine Thesis 133
4.10. Preliminary Objections and Replies 140
莊. Learning from Others, Interpretation, and Charity 144
5.1. Is the Intersubjectivity Constraint Compatible with the
Negation of the Tarski?Quine Thesis? 144
5.2. Language Ex-Use and Interpretation 145
5.3. A Case in which One Person Learns from Another 148
5.4. Two Conditionals 151
嵌锹橇乔歉橇乔瞧 xiii
5.5. Strategy 153
5.6. What is Davidsonˇs Principle of Charity? 154
5.7. Davidsonˇs Framework for Evaluating (3) and (4) 158
5.8. Why the Conjunction of (3) and (4) Violates Davidsonˇs
Principle of Charity 160
5.9. My Conclusion Drawn, Generalized, and Explained 165
5.10. Is the Principle of Charity Optional? 169
5.11. An Alternative to Davidsonˇs Principle of Charity 171
5.12. Frontiers of Translation 174
5.13. The Method behind these Conclusions 177
莋. A Puzzle about Sameness of Satisfaction across Time 179
6.1. An Intuition about Sameness of Satisfaction across Time 179
6.2. Methodological Analyticity 182
6.3. Causal-Historical Theories 186
6.4. A Thought Experiment 191
6.5. The Standard Conception of the Options for the Thought
Experiment 194
6.6. A Preview of why Options (1) and (2) are Unacceptable 196
6.7. A Dilemma for the Causal-Historical Theory 197
6.8. Dispositions 201
6.9. Epistemic Possibilities and Primary Intensions 204
6.10. Problems with Primary Intensions 208
6.11. Implicit Conceptions 213
莌. Sense and Partial Extension 217
7.1. Option (3) 217
7.2. Dummett on Sameness of Satisfaction across Time 218
7.3. Dummett on Sense and Implicit Knowledge 220
7.4. Why Dummettˇs Constraints Rule out Options (1) and (2) 225
7.5. Dummettˇs Version of Option (3) 228
7.6. Two Problems for Dummettˇs Version of Option (3) 230
7.7. Field on Partial Extension 236
7.8. A Field-Style Argument against Options (1) and (2) 238
7.9. A Field-Style Defence of Option (3) 240
7.10. A Problem for the Field-Style Defence of Option (3) 241
xiv 嵌锹橇乔歉橇乔瞧
莍. The Puzzle Diagnosed and Dissolved 247
8.1. The Puzzle Reviewed 247
8.2. The First Gold?Platinum Thought Experiment and the
Context Principle 249
8.3. The Second Gold?Platinum Thought Experiment 252
8.4. The Thesis that the Extension of a PJSS-Based Word
Type is Determined by Facts about the Ex-Uses of Some
of its Tokens 257
8.5. George Wilsonˇs Riverdale Olympics Case 260
8.6. Henry Jackmanˇs Temporal Externalism 264
8.7. Counterfactuals about the Past and the Third
Gold?Platinum Thought Experiment 269
8.8. Temporal Externalism and Relative Truth 276
8.9. Immanent Realism 286
莏. Applications and Consequences 288
9.1. Introduction 288
9.2. A Deflationary Alternative to the Causal Theory of
Reference: Predicates 289
9.3. A Deflationary Alternative to the Causal Theory of
Reference: Proper Names 291
9.4. What is Minimal Self-Knowledge? 294
9.5. Minimal Self-Knowledge as Second Order 295
9.6. Basic Self-Knowledge and Containment 297
9.7. Minimal Self-Knowledge as First Order 303
9.8. Minimal Self-Knowledge as Practical Knowledge 306
9.9. The Division of Epistemic Labour 308
9.10. Judging Minimal Linguistic Competence across Time 311
9.11. Anti-Individualism, Externalism, and Linguistic
Communities 313
9.12. Truth and Logic 316
References 320
Index 331
The Work of Language in Multicultural Classrooms (Language, Culture and Teaching)
By Katherine Richardson-bruna, Kimberley Gomez
* Publisher:Routledge
* Number Of Pages:384
* Publication Date:2008-07-18
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:080586427X
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780805864274
Product Description:
How does language comprise the implicit or explicit curriculum of teaching and learning in multicultural science settings? Building on a growing interest in the ways in which language and literacy practices interact with science teaching and learning to facilitate or obstruct successful student outcomes, this book contributes to scholarship on the role of language in developing classroom scientific communities of practice, expands that work by highlighting the challenges faced specifically by ethnic- and linguistic-minority students and their teachers in joining those communities, and showcases exemplary teaching and research initiatives for helping to meet these challenges.
Offering teacher practitioners and researchers in the fields of science education and multicultural education lenses through which they can critically consider the myriad of classroom settings, instructional approaches, curricular materials, and scientific topics involved in what it means to teach science while pointedly addressing concerns about equity of educational opportunity, this volume serves as a powerful resource for linking theory and practice. End-of-chapter reflection questions and engagement activities facilitate discussion round these issues and provide rich opportunities for the reader to consider the implications of each chapter for science instruction and research and to apply insights developed in a real-world science teaching and learning contexts.
Syntax and Semantics of Spatial P (Linguistik Aktuell / Linguistics Today)
By Anna Asbury, Jakub Dotlacil, Berit Gehrke, Rick Nouwen
* Publisher:John Benjamins Publishing Company
* Number Of Pages:416
* Publication Date:2008-05-21
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:9027255032
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9789027255037
Product Description:
The category P belongs to a less studied area in theoretical linguistics, which has only recently attracted considerable attention. This volume brings together pioneering work on adpositions in spatial relations from different theoretical and cross-linguistic perspectives. The common theme in these contributions is the complex semantic and syntactic structure of PPs. Analyses are presented in several different frameworks and approaches, including generative syntax, optimality theoretic semantics and syntax, formal semantics, mathematical modeling, lexical syntax, and pragmatics. Among the languages featured in detail are English, German, Hebrew, Igbo, Italian, Japanese, and Persian. This volume will be of interest to students and researchers of formal semantics, syntax and language typology, as well as scholars with a more general interest in spatial cognition.
Genre and Institutions (Open Linguistics)
By J. R. Martin, Frances Christie
* Publisher:Continuum International Publishing
* Number Of Pages:278
* Publication Date:2005-03-01
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0826478697
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780826478696
Product Description:
This book examines genres as instances of social processes, enacting a range of important institutional practices, hence also shaping people's subjectivities. Genres represent purposive and staged ways of building means in a culture. The book's particular claim to originality is that, using systemic functional grammar, it demonstrates how given genres build or enact social practice, how educational setting provide contexts in which some apprenticeship into such genres occurs, and how theorizing about such matters helps build a theory of social action, revealing how powerful is the systemic functional analysis in addressing questions concerning the social construction of reality. The discussion is built around extensive analysis of instances of texts collected in a number of worksites and school settings. While most are instances of written genres, some are spoken, most notably the chapter that is devoted to the discussion of the spoken classroom texts in which the teaching and learning of the written genres take place.
Lexicogrammar of Adjectives (Functional Descriptions of Language)
By Gordon H. Tucker
* Publisher:Continuum
* Number Of Pages:256
* Publication Date:1999-05-01
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0304339032
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780304339037
Product Description:
Adjectives are the third most important class of words (after verbs and nouns), yet this is the first book-length study in English of this central grammatical category. In it English adjectives are described within a framework which unifies semantics and syntax; this has important implications for the modelling of lexis in general. It has long been a principle of systemic functional linguistics - the theory in which the description is set - that lexis should be treated, in Halliday's words, as 'most delicate grammar'. Until now, this challenging concept has never been explored and tested for more than a few small areas of lexis. The research reported here is the first large-scale test of this hypothesis. After a thorough survey of the relevant literature, Gordon Tucker provides a linguistic description of the meanings and forms of the adjectives themselves, the structures that occur around them, and the functions that such units perform as elements of other units (such as the clause and the nominal group). The Lexicogrammar of Adjectives constitutes a major descriptive addition to our knowledge of the value of'lexis as most delicate grammar'.It is a major contribution to the theoretical modelling of language in general and of words in particular. Its conclusions are important both for systemic functional linguistics and for linguistic theory in general. Gordon H. Tucker is lecturer in Language and Communication at Cardiff University.
The Ecolinguistics Reader: Language, Ecology, and Environment
By Alwin Fill, Peter Muhlhausler
* Publisher:Continuum
* Number Of Pages:288
* Publication Date:2001-02-15
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0826449123
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780826449122
Product Description:
This volume brings together the work of precursors in the field, classic authors and more recent contributors. In addition to the original ecolinguistic topics of language interrelation, language endangerment and language pressure, the themes of biological and linguistic diversity are considered.
Expository Discourse: A Genre-Based Approach to Social Science Research Texts (Open Linguistics)
By Beverly A. Lewin, Jonathan Fine, Lynne Young
* Publisher:Continuum
* Number Of Pages:224
* Publication Date:2001-05-15
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0826449131
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780826449139
Product Description:
This work provides a detailed and explicit account of the genre of social science research articles. It presents a comprehensive model which characterizes the generic, registerial and discoursal options as they interweave within a text.
Directions in Empirical Literary Studies: In Honor of Willie Van Peer (Linguistic Approaches to Literature)
By Sonia Zyngier, Marisa Bortolussi, Anna Chesnokova, Jan Auracher
* Publisher:John Benjamins Publishing Co
* Number Of Pages:357
* Publication Date:2008-05-15
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:9027233373
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9789027233370
Product Description:
"Directions in Empirical Literary Studies" is on the cutting edge of empirical studies and is a much needed volume. It both widens the scope of empirical studies and looks at them from an intercultural perspective by bringing together renowned scholars from the fields of philosophy, sociology, psychology, linguistics and literature, all focusing on how empirical studies have impacted these different areas. Theoretical issues are discussed and solid methods are presented. Some chapters also show the relation between empirical studies and new technology, examining developments in computer science and corpus linguistics. This book takes a global perspective, with contributors from many different countries, both senior and junior researchers. Broad in scope and interdisciplinary in nature, it contributes with the state-of-the-art developments in the field.
Hard-Science Linguistics (Open Linguistics)
By Victor H. Yngve, Zdzislaw Wasik
* Publisher:Continuum
* Number Of Pages:416
* Publication Date:2006-11
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:082646114X
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780826461148
Product Description:
The impossibility of testing the depth hypothesis of 1960 of a connection between the complexities of grammar and a limited human temporary memory led to questioning the ancient grammatical foundations of linguistics and to developing standard hard-science foundations. This volume is the first detailed report on how to reconstitute linguistics on the new hard-science foundation laid by Victor H. Yngve in 1996. Hard-science (human) linguistics is the scientific study of how people communicate. It studies people and also communicative energy flow and other relevant parts of the physical environment. It studies the real world, not the world of language, and it develops theories testable against real-world evidence as is standard in the hard sciences. Hard-science linguistics takes its rightful place connecting the humanities and social sciences to biology, chemistry and physics. Thus linguistics becomes a natural science and contributes to the unity of science. This unity is clearly evident in the research reported here by these fifteen pioneering authors from diverse areas as they work to reconstitute linguistics as a true hard science.
Precursors of Functional Literacy (Studies in Written Language & Literacy)
By Ludo Verhoeven
* Publisher:John Benjamins Pub Co
* Number Of Pages:362
* Publication Date:2002-09
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:9027218064
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9789027218063
Product Description:
This volume presents the results of a number of empirical studies of the development of narrative construction within a multilingual context. The operating principles that underlie the process of narrative production in L1 and L2 are explored.
The Fruits of Empirical Linguistics 1: Process (Studies in Generative Grammar)
By Susanne Winkler, Sam Featherston
* Publisher:Mouton de Gruyter
* Number Of Pages:265
* Publication Date:2009-06-15
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:3110213389
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9783110213386
Product Description:
The contributions to The Fruits of Empirical Linguistics. Volume 1: Process reveal why the data-driven approach makes for a research environment which is fast-moving and democratic: technological change has made the sources of linguistic data readily accessible. These contributions show the methods both professional and student linguists are using to gather more evidence more easily than before.
Table of contents
Empirical linguistics: Process and product vii
Linguistic choices vs. probabilities – how much and what can
linguistic theory explain?
Antti Arppe 1
How to provide exactly one interpretation for every sentence, or
what eye movements reveal about quantifier scope
Oliver Bott and Janina Rad磑 25
A scale for measuring well-formedness:
Why syntax needs boiling and freezing points
Sam Featherston 47
The thin line between facts and fiction
Hubert Haider 75
Annotating genericity: How do humans decide?
(A case study in ontology extraction)
Aurelie Herbelot and Ann Copestake 103
Canonicity in argument realization and verb semantic deficits
in Alzheimer’s disease
Christina Manouilidou and Roberto G. de Almeida 123
Automated collection and analysis of phonological data
James Myers 151
Semantic evidence and syntactic theory
Frederick J. Newmeyer 177
Automated support for evidence retrieval in documents
with nonstandard orthography
Thomas Pilz andWolfram Luther 211
Scaling issues in the measurement of linguistic acceptability
ThomasWeskott and Gisbert Fanselow 229
Conjoint analysis in linguistics – Multi-factorial analysis
of Slavonic possessive adjectives
Tim Z¨uwerink 247
vi Table of contents
Volume 2:Table of contents
German verb-first conditionals as unintegrated clauses:
A case study in converging synchronic and diachronic evidence
Katrin Axel and AngelikaW¨ollstein 1
Optionality in verb cluster formation
Markus Bader, Tanja Schmid and Jana H¨aussler 37
Clitic placement in Serbian: Corpus and experimental evidence
Molly Diesing, Duˇsica Filipovi碿 衭rdevi碿 and Draga Zec 59
Explorations in ellipsis: The grammar and processing of silence
Lyn Frazier 75
Comparatives and types of ?nne in Old English:
Towards an integrated analysis of the data types
in comparatives derivations
Remus Gergel 103
Context effects in the formation of adjectival resultatives
Helga Gese, Britta Stolterfoht and Claudia Maienborn 125
New data on an old issue:
Subject/object asymmetries in long extractions in German
Tanja Kiziak 157
Parallelism and information structure:
Across-the-board-extraction from coordinate ellipsis
Andreas Konietzko 179
An empirical perspective on positive polarity items in German
Mingya Liu and Jan-Philipp Soehn 197
First-mention definites: More than exceptional cases
Marta Recasens, M. Ant`onia Mart
The Fruits of Empirical Linguistics 2: Product (Studies in Generative Grammar)
By Susanne Winkler, Sam Featherston
* Publisher:Mouton de Gruyter
* Number Of Pages:265
* Publication Date:2009-06-15
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:3110213478
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9783110213478
Product Description:
The second volume of the two-volume set The Fruits of Empirical Linguistics focuses on the linguistic outcomes of empirical linguistics. The contributions present some of the insights that linguists can gain by applying the new methods: progress within language study is accelerated by the new evidence since language systems are more precisely captured. Readers will enjoy the fresh perspective on linguistic questions made possible by the evidence-based approach.
Table of contents
German verb-first conditionals as unintegrated clauses:
A case study in converging synchronic and diachronic evidence
Katrin Axel and AngelikaW¨ollstein 1
Optionality in verb cluster formation
Markus Bader, Tanja Schmid and Jana H¨aussler 37
Clitic placement in Serbian: Corpus and experimental evidence
Molly Diesing, Duˇsica Filipovi碿 衭rdevi碿 and Draga Zec 59
Explorations in ellipsis: The grammar and processing of silence
Lyn Frazier 75
Comparatives and types of ?nne in Old English:
Towards an integrated analysis of the data types
in comparatives derivations
Remus Gergel 103
Context effects in the formation of adjectival resultatives
Helga Gese, Britta Stolterfoht and Claudia Maienborn 125
New data on an old issue:
Subject/object asymmetries in long extractions in German
Tanja Kiziak 157
Parallelism and information structure:
Across-the-board-extraction from coordinate ellipsis
Andreas Konietzko 179
An empirical perspective on positive polarity items in German
Mingya Liu and Jan-Philipp Soehn 197
First-mention definites: More than exceptional cases
Marta Recasens, M. Ant`onia Mart
Prentice Hall Canada Reference Guide to Grammar and Usage, 2nd edition
By Muriel Harris, Joan Pilz
* Publisher:Pearson Education Canada
* Number Of Pages:444
* Publication Date:1997-02-25
* ISBN-10 / ASIN:0132409879
* ISBN-13 / EAN:9780132409872
* Genre: English Language / Study and Teaching as a Second Language / Report Writing
The new material in the second Canadian edition of this reference guide was added partly in response to requests from users of previous editions and partly to assist writers with awider range of strategies to use as they move through various writing processes. In Part One, "The Writing Process," writers are encouraged to view the various suggestions and strategies as possibilities to try when planning, writing, and revising and to select those that are most appropriate for them. The approach here has been to help students recognize that everyone composes differently and to find out what works best for them. The suggestions and strategies also encourage writers to work collaboratively, to move away from the limited-and lirniting-notion that writers work alone.
This attention to the complex interaction of writrrs and readers is further emphasized in the greatly expanded sections on research writing and argumentation. The greater attention in this edition to topics writers need to consider when preparing research papers and when writing argumentation reflects the increased emphasis on such writing. In response to the growing diversity of student populations, this edition also expands the sections relevant to students learning English as a second language. For easier reference, those aspects of English grammar and usage ESL students turn to most often are collected in a separate section, though these students will also find relevant hints directed to them throughout the book.
Muriel Harris was the director of the Purdue Writing Center where she worked elbow-to-elbow with students and for over twenty-five years. As she worked with students, she realized that they asked the same questions over and over. Based on her experience with thousands of students in the writing center, Muriel Harris authored this spiral-bound, tabbed and brief handbook. Her unique feature, "Compare and Correct," and "Question and Correct," allows students to find what they need to help themselves with their writing, without needing to know the terms of grammar. Muriel Harris' Prentice Hall Reference Guide is the easiest handbook for students and instructors to use.
Front Cover
Key Topics In Question And Correct
How Do 1 Find Something When I'm Not Sure What I'm Looking Rfor?
Question And Correct
Compare And Correct
Tab Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Table Of Contents
To The Instructor
To The Student
Part One: The Writing Process
Part Two: Sentence Accuracy, Clarity, And Variety
Part Three: Parts Of Sentences
Part Four: Punctuation
Part Five: Mechanics And Spelling
Part Six: Style And Word Choice
Part Seven: Research And Documentation
Part Eight: ESL Concerns
Appendices
Appendix A:
Appendix B:
Appendix C:
Glossary Of Usage
Glossary Of Grammatical Terms
Answer Key For Exercises
Using Compare And Correct And Question And Correct
Index
Back Cover
Adverbs and Adverbial Adjuncts at the Interfaces (Interface Explorations)
By Katalin 谩