《神经元》:常春藤细胞在大脑中的独特功能
Ivy Cells: A Population of Nitric-Oxide-Producing, Slow-Spiking GABAergic Neurons and Their Involvement in Hippocampal Network ActivityIn the cerebral cortex, GABAergic interneurons are often regarded as fast-spiking cells. We have identified a type of slow-spiking interneuron that offers distinct contributions to network activity. “Ivy” cells, named after their dense and fine axons innervating mostly basal and oblique pyramidal cell dendrites, are more numerous than the parvalbumin-expressing basket, bistratified, or axo-axonic cells. Ivy cells express nitric oxide synthase, neuropeptide Y, and high levels of GABAA receptor α1 subunit; they discharge at a low frequency with wide spikes in vivo, yet are distinctively phase-locked to behaviorally relevant network rhythms including theta, gamma, and ripple oscillations. Paired recordings in vitro showed that Ivy cells receive depressing EPSPs from pyramidal cells, which in turn receive slowly rising and decaying inhibitory input from Ivy cells. In contrast to fast-spiking interneurons operating with millisecond precision, the highly abundant Ivy cells express presynaptically acting neuromodulators and regulate the excitability of pyramidal cell dendrites through slowly rising and decaying GABAergic inputs.
常春藤细胞的命名是由于该细胞异常密集曲折的轴突形状,十分类似多雨英伦三岛丰富的常春藤植物。令人奇怪的是,尽管常春藤细胞具有独特的细胞形态,但至今还没有被确定为一类不同的细胞类型。在3月27日的《神经元》(Neuron)杂志上,Fuentealba等人就常春藤细胞的特点展开研究。实验证明,常春藤细胞有着相当丰富的GABA能细胞类型的海马神经元,在低频率下有宽电位,能够在锥体细胞中引起缓慢GABA能细胞受体介导的反应,并有可能利用突触前后机制提供从CA3到CA1的稳态调节。
在大脑皮质中, GABA能中间神经元往往被视为快速反应细胞。最新研究发现,常春藤细胞是一类反应缓慢的神经元细胞,它们较为密集,有精密的轴突支配着大多数的基底和斜锥体细胞树突。常春藤细胞表达一氧化氮合成酶、神经肽Y和高水平的GABA能细胞受体α1亚基;这类细胞在体内的低频范围内具有宽电位,但具有独特相位锁定,从而在行为上与神经网络节律包括8、γ和波纹振动等相关联。
在体外,成对的记录显示,常春藤细胞获得由锥体细胞抑制的EPSP合成酶,然后锥体细胞获得了由常春藤细胞缓慢且渐渐衰退抑制输入信号。相反,快速反应的中间神经元细胞正在以毫秒级精度活动;相当多的常春藤细胞表达出突触前神经元调节器,并通过缓慢和逐渐衰退的GABA能输入调节锥体细胞树突的兴奋度。(科学网 武彦文/编译)
(《神经元》(Neuron),Vol 57, 917-929, 27 March 2008,Pablo Fuentealba, Thomas Klausberger)
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