PETS5写作中的关联词和常用套话
在PETS5的作文考试中，如果关联词漂亮无疑是可以加分的。同样，在PETS5的口语考试中，最犯忌的就是考生停下来不知道要说什么，这个时候的诀窍就是说上几个常用套话来拖延一下时间，直到你想到下一个子话题，可以救场。
以下是一些基本的，常用的PETS5口语中的连接词。
是我上辅导班上老师给大家的材料
一：各类关联词
1.1) 先后次序关系：
at this time; first; second; at last; next；previously; simultaneously; eventually；last but not least；to begin with；to start with；to end with；finally；seeing...；since then；first of all；afterwards; following this; preceding this.
1.2) 因果关系：
A．原因because；because of this；being that；another important factor／reason of... ； since； as； for； in that...； owing to； due to； for the reason that...； in view of； the reason seems to be obvious; there are， on account of, result from。
B．结果for this reason; as a result of this； therefore；...and so...； consequently；as a result； thus； hence； so；so that...； in consequence； as a consequence； accordingly; inevitably; under these conditions; thereupon. thus, hence, for this reason, result in, cause, bring about, give rise to, be responsible for, have an effect on
1.3) 转折关系：
A. 句子间的转折：but, however, nevertheless, yet, on the contrary, on the other hand, compared with, in contrast to, unlike，even so
B. 句子中的转折： although, whereas, while, conversely, in spite of, despite …， regardless of，even though
1.4) 表让步
still, nevertheless, in spite of all the same, even so, after all
1.5) 并列关系：
and; also；too；as well as；either...，or...；both...and...
1.6) (补充)递进关系：
furthermore；moreover；further；In this way ；still； not only...but also...； not...but...； in addition (to)；additionally, much more interesting, more specifically, next, besides； as far as... is concerned;
moreover；in other words；along this line of consideration；on the one hand...，on the other hand...； even； as a poplar saying goes...；in order to do it...; meanwhile； at the same time； accordingly； In the first place...，in the second place...;equally important; of even greater appeal.
1.7) 比较关系：
A．相似 like, the same… as, similarly, in the same manner, in common, be like, resemble, both…and... ; in the same way not only...but (also)
B．不同 A is (be) different from B, There is a significant difference between A and B; A is not like B; ... rather than...
C．比较 when compared with；compared with；when in fact...; by doing so
1.8) 对照(不同点)：
yet; still; for all of that; notwithstanding; rather; neither ... nor; although; though; but; however; something is just the other way around；yet; conversely；unlike；opposed to; as opposed to ； in contrast (to)； by way of；on the contrary；different from this；as opposed to this；
1.9) 表时间
after a while, afterward, again, also, and then, as long as, at last , at length, at that time, before, besides, earlier, eventually, finally, formerly, furthermore , in addition, lately, next, now, presently, shortly ,since , so far, soon, still, subsequently, then, until , until now, when
1.10) 表举例
for example, for instance，to illustrate， as an illustration，take … for example/ instance
1.11) 表解释
as a matter of fact, frankly speaking, in this case, namely, in other words
二：常用套语
2.1）常用开头词语
Generally speaking; It goes without saying that…; It is clear that…; It is often said that…; In general; Various views exist as to…(名词或名词从句); There exist various ideas (opinions) as for…;There different opinions as far as … is concerned;
2.2）常用的发展段的开头词语
Everybody knows that …; It can be easily proved that…; It is true that…; No once can deny that…; The chief reason why …; We must recognize that…; I feel (think, agree, argue) that…; I propose (suggest, maintain) that…; This can be expressed as follows; Let us take … as an example; We have every reason to believe that…; We know that…; What is more serious is that…
2.3）第二发展段的开头词语（语气或说法与第一发展段不同甚至相反）
Besides, we should not neglect that…; But it is a pity that…; But the problem is not so simple. Therefore …; However,（转折词语）; Others may find this to be true. But I do not. I believe that …; On the other hand; There is a certain amount of truth in this, but I still have a problem about…;Though we are in basic agreement with…; Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that…;
2.4）结论词语
From this point of view, In a word, On account of this we find that…; The result is…; Thus, this is the reason why …; To rum up, To conclude, In short, in summary in a word， in brief， in conclusion，in fact，indeed，in short，in other words，namely in all，that is to summarize，thus as has been said，altogether in other words，finally in simpler terms，in particular that is，on the whole， therefore
2.5）罗列词语（参照1.1）
In the first place; First of all, For one thing,…for another; In the second place, First, Second, Third; Finally; Last but not the least;
2.6）添加词语 (参照1.5，1.6)
Besides; In addition; What is more; Moreover
三： 常用词语
1.起…作用：to play a(n) … role in
2.面临：be faced with (faced with);
3.对…很重要（关键）: be important(vital) for (to); be of great importance to
4.提倡，推广，促进: advocate, promote
5.帮助：help, be helpful to; contribute to; be beneficial to; be good to; facilitate
6.忽视，忽略: ignore, overlook, lose sight of;
7.利用：make use of, utilize, use, make the best use of
8.改善，完善: improve, perfect
9.加强：strengthen, enhance, reinforce, fortify
10.增加: increase, enhance, multiply, add to
11.减少: decrease, reduce, cut down, drop
12.提高: raise, improve, rise
13.总共达：…amount(s, ed) to数字
14.增长（减少）（数量）多少：to increase by X%,$1 million，
15. 增长（减少）到：increase/decrease to(最后的数字) The car output increased to 100,000 (in all, to in total)last year.
16.占多少(解释，说…理由)：account for(百分比) X%，
17.翻番：double
18.保持不变：remain the same;(did/do not change)
19.把…考虑到（进去）：take…into account(consideration)
20.把…当作，看作：regard…as…;take…as…
21.把…误当作看作：take … for…;mistake…for…
22.表明，说明，显示：The results of the study, Surveys/The investigation, …indicate(s)that…
23.更不用说: much less; not to mention
24.注意，重视，强调: pay much attention to; attach great importance to; give premium to; emphasize; stress
25.置于优先地位:prioritize
26.引起: give rise to, cause, bring about, lead to
27.采取行动、措施take actions (steps, measures) to do
28.献身于，致力于：be devoted(dedicated) to, devote oneself to
29.关于：with regard to, as to, with respect to
30.生效：take effect, go into force, bring into practice, come into effect
31.关系：to have to do with, to have (something) nothing to do with, to be involved in, to be related to, to come into contact with, to be concerned with
32.机会：to make an opportunity to do something; to have an opportunity for doing (sth); be an opportunity for (to do sth.)
33.取得进步、进展：make progress(advances)
34.用…装备: equip … with (be equipped with; be armed with)
35.影响：affect, have a(n) …effect (impact) on…; influence;
36.在一定（某种）程度上：to some extent, in away, to some degree
37.适应：to adapt oneself to, to get used to…
38.只有…才能：Only in this way, can主语＋动词原形：e.g. Only in this way can we get ready for the coming FATMD.
e.g. Only by attending Prof. Jiang’s lectures can we know how to prepare for the FATMD.
The only way to动词/for something is that…
39.可能性：It is probable that sth / sb. Will…; A is likely to…; It is impossible/possible (for sb./sth.) to do…;There is a possibility that…; There is a chance that…从句；Chances are that从句；
40.替代，取代：to take the place of; replace…with, in place of
四: 常用句型
4.1. A think(s)that…(clause)
4.2. It is形容词for somebody(something) to动词/that…
4.3. 强调句型
It is主语、宾语、壮语+who, that, which +（动词＋名词）、（主语＋动词）、（主语＋动词＋名词）
e.g. It is Prof. Jiang’s lectures that helped me get well prepared for the coming FATMD.
As we are living in a society, we are inevitably influenced by other people. For example, in our social life, we can find a psychological phenomenon which is called “conformity complex” almost every where.
Actually, it is a change of mind by someone when influenced by a group or crowd. The person gives up his own opinion and conforms to others’ opinion or judgment. For example, one may have to give up his own idea to conform to the idea of his group or the majority in cases such as shopping and many other circumstances. Another example can be seen in one’s change of mind due to lack of self-confidence. Usually, conformity can be divided into two kinds. One is to do what others do and the other is to think and speak as what others think and speak.
To be brief, conformity complex is a blind conformity to crowd behavior while giving up individuality. Of course, this conforming behavior has advantages and disadvantages of its own. If used properly, conformity complex can be positively guide the public in improving social morale and overcoming bad social behavior patterns and habits for a better social order.
页:
[1]