Chapter 9: Designing Components ....................................... 359
The Design Editor ..................................................................... 359
Editing a Component or Module Definition ............................... 360
Returning To Circuit View ......................................................... 361
The Graphic Section ................................................................. 361
Navigating and Zooming ..................................................... 361
Scroll Bars ...................................................................... 362
Arrow Keys ..................................................................... 362
Panning (Dynamic Scroll) Mode .................................... 362
Zooming ......................................................................... 362
Graphic Objects .................................................................. 363
Adding Graphic Objects ................................................. 363
Rotate, Flip, Mirror and Resize Graphic Objects ........... 364
Changing Graphic Object Properties ............................. 365
Changing Arc Object Properties ..................................... 368
Cut, Copy, Paste and Delete Objects ............................ 371
Text Labels .......................................................................... 371
Adding Text Labels ......................................................... 371
Rotate, Flip or Mirror Text Labels ................................... 372
Changing Text Label Properties ..................................... 373
Cut, Copy, Paste and Delete Labels .............................. 374
Linking a Text Label to an Input Field ............................ 374
Connections ........................................................................ 375
Adding Connections ....................................................... 375
Changing Connection Properties ................................... 376
Cut, Copy, Paste and Delete Connections ..................... 378
Electrical Node Types .................................................... 378
Undo and Redo ................................................................... 379
Saving and Reloading Graphics .......................................... 379
Adjusting Graphic Page Size .............................................. 380
The Parameters Section ........................................................... 381
Categories ........................................................................... 381
Adding a New Category ................................................. 382
Viewing Categories ........................................................ 383
Ordering Categories ....................................................... 384
Previewing Categories ................................................... 384
Changing Category Properties ....................................... 385
Duplicating a Category ................................................... 386
Deleting a Category ....................................................... 386
Text Field ............................................................................. 387
Adding Text Fields .......................................................... 387
Moving and Resizing Text Fields ................................... 387
Changing Text Field Properties ...................................... 388
Cut, Copy, Paste and Delete Text Fields ....................... 389
Input Field ........................................................................... 389
Adding Input Fields ........................................................ 389
Moving and Resizing Input Fields .................................. 390
Changing Input Field Properties .................................... 390
Cut, Copy, Paste and Delete Input Fields ...................... 392
Allowing Signal Names .................................................. 392
Choice Box .......................................................................... 393
Adding Choice Boxes ..................................................... 394
Moving and Resizing Choice Boxes .............................. 394
Changing Choice Box Properties ................................... 395
Cut, Copy, Paste and Delete Choice Boxes .................. 396
Adding Choices to a Choice Box ................................... 396
Field Alignment .................................................................... 398
Make Same Width .......................................................... 398
Space Evenly ................................................................. 399
Undo and Redo ................................................................... 399
Find Symbol ........................................................................ 399
Saving and Reloading Parameters ..................................... 400
Conditional statements, Layers and Filters .............................. 401
Conditional Statements ....................................................... 401
Layers ................................................................................. 404
Viewing Layers ............................................................... 404
Setting Layers ................................................................ 405
Graphic Filters ..................................................................... 406
The Script Section .................................................................... 407
Segments ............................................................................ 407
Managing Segments ...................................................... 408
Viewing Segments ......................................................... 409
Segment Types ................................................................... 409
Computations ................................................................. 409
Branch .............................................................................411
Fortran ........................................................................... 415
DSDYN .......................................................................... 418
DSOUT .......................................................................... 418
Checks ........................................................................... 418
Help ................................................................................ 419
Comments ...................................................................... 419
FlyBy .............................................................................. 420
Transformers .................................................................. 421
Model-Data .................................................................... 424
Matrix-Fill ....................................................................... 424
T-Lines ........................................................................... 427
Undo and Redo ................................................................... 428
Syntax Colouring ................................................................ 428
Internal Output Variables .......................................................... 429
Outputting EMTDC Measured Voltages and Currents ....... 429
CBR ............................................................................... 429
VDC ............................................................................... 430
Adding A Reference To A Source File ....................................... 430
PSCAD
PSCAD User’s Guide xxiii
Interfacing To C Code ............................................................... 431
Using the GNU Compiler ..................................................... 431
Using a Fortran 90 Compiler ............................................... 433
Tutorial: Creating A New Component ...................................... 434
Adding Graphics .................................................................. 435
Adding a User Interface ...................................................... 436
Adding Conditional Statements to the Graphic Objects ...... 438
Pre-Processing User Input .................................................. 439
Defining the Electrical Branch ............................................. 440
Adding Code to Define the Source ...................................... 441
Setting the Branch Source .................................................. 442
Sanity Checks ..................................................................... 442
Testing Your New Component ............................................. 443
Adding Internal Output Variables ........................................ 444
Running Your Component ................................................... 446
第9章：设计元件 ........................................................................................ 359
设计编辑器........................................................................... 359
编辑元件或模型定义.............................................................. 360
返回电路视图 ...................................................................... 361
图形区.................................................................................. 361
导航和缩放 ..................................................................... 361
滚动条........................................................................ 362
箭头键........................................................................................ 362
移动（动态滚动）模式 ............................................................... 362
缩放 ......................................................................................... 362
图形对象 ....................................................................................... 363
添加图形对象 ............................................................................ 363
旋转、翻转、对称和调整图形对象的大小 ...................................... 364
更改图形对象属性 ...................................................................... 365
更改圆弧对象属性....................................................................... 368
剪切、拷贝、粘贴和删除对象 ...................................................... 371
文本标签 ....................................................................................... 371
添加文本标签.............................................................................. 371
旋转，翻转或对称文本标签........................................................... 372
更改文本标签属性....................................................................... 373
剪切、拷贝、粘贴和删除标签 ...................................................... 374
文本标签与输入域进行链接 ......................................................... 374
连接点 ........................................................................................... 375
添加连接点................................................................................. 375
更改连接点属性 ......................................................................... 376
剪切、拷贝、粘贴和删除标签....................................... 378
电气节点类型 ............................................................ 378
取消和重做 ..................................................................... 379
保存和再装载图形............................................................ 379
调节图形页大小 ............................................................... 380
参数区................................................................................... 381
类别................................................................................ 381
添加新类别 ................................................................ 382
查看类别 .................................................................... 383
修改分类的次序........................................................... 384
预览分类 .................................................................... 384
更改类别属性............................................................... 385
复制类别..................................................................... 386
删除类别 .................................................................... 386
文本域............................................................................. 387
添加文本域.................................................................. 387
移动与调整文本域的大小 ............................................. 387
更改文本域属性........................................................... 388
剪切、拷贝、粘贴和删除文本域 ................................... 389
输入域 ........................................................................... 389
添加输入域 ................................................................ 389
移动与调整输入域的大小 ............................................. 390
更改输入域属性 .......................................................... 390
剪切、拷贝、粘贴和删除输入域 ................................... 392
允许的信号名称 .......................................................... 392
Table of Contents
PSCAD User’s Guide选择框............................................................................. 393
添加选择框................................................................. 394
移动与调整选择框的大小 ............................................ 394
更改选择框的属性........................................................ 395
剪切、拷贝、粘贴和删除选择框 ................................... 396
添加选择到选择框中 ................................................... 396
域对齐............................................................................. 398
使域的宽度相同........................................................... 398
使各域等间隔 ............................................................. 399
取消和重做 ..................................................................... 399
查找符号 ........................................................................ 399
保存和再装载参数 ........................................................... 400
条件语句、层和过滤器 ......................................................... 401
条件语句 ........................................................................ 401
层 .................................................................................. 404
查看层........................................................................ 404
设置层 ...................................................................... 405
图形过滤器...................................................................... 406
脚本区 ................................................................................ 407
段 .................................................................................. 407
管理段 ...................................................................... 408
查看段 ...................................................................... 409
段类型 ........................................................................... 409
计算........................................................................... 409
分支........................................................................... 411
Fortran .................................................................... 415
DSDYN ....................................................................... 418
DSOUT ....................................................................... 418
复选 .......................................................................... 418
帮助........................................................................... 419
注释........................................................................... 419
FlyBy ........................................................................ 420
变压器........................................................................ 421
模型数据 ................................................................... 424
矩阵填充 ................................................................... 424
T-Lines ...................................................................... 427
取消和重做 ..................................................................... 428
语法着色 ........................................................................ 428
内部输出变量........................................................................ 429
输出EMTDC测量的电压与电流 ............................................ 429
CBR ........................................................................... 429
VDC ........................................................................... 430
添加对源文件的引用.............................................................. 430
PSCAD
PSCAD User’s GuideC代码的接口......................................................................... 431
使用GNU编译器.................................................................. 431
使用Fortran 90编译器 .................................................... 433
教程创建新元件 .................................................................... 434
添加图形.......................................................................... 435
添加用户接口 .................................................................. 436
向图形对象添加条件语句 .................................................. 438
预处理用户输入 ............................................................... 439
定义电气分支 .................................................................. 440
添加代码来定义电源.......................................................... 441
设置分支电源 .................................................................. 442
Sanity Checks ................................................................. 442
测试你的新元件................................................................. 443
添加内部输出变量 ............................................................ 444
让你的元件运转 ............................................................... 446 序号：19
Chapter 10: PSCAD Script ........................................................ 447
Substitutions ............................................................................. 447
$ Value Substitution Prefix Operator ................................... 448
Valid Context and Key Names ....................................... 450
Local Context Short Form .............................................. 450
Substituting Component Constants into Script .............. 451
Substituting Component Constants into Text Labels ..... 453
% Data Substitution Prefix Operator ................................... 454
Substituting Text into Commented Script ....................... 455
Substituting Text into Text Labels ................................... 455
{ } Braces ............................................................................. 456
Anonymous Expression Substitution ............................. 457
Block Processing ........................................................... 457
! Comment Indicator ............................................................ 458
Script Directives ....................................................................... 459
#STORAGE ......................................................................... 460
#LOCAL .............................................................................. 461
#FUNCTION ........................................................................ 462
#SUBROUTINE ................................................................... 463
#OUTPUT ........................................................................... 464
#TRANSFORMERS ............................................................ 465
#WINDINGS ........................................................................ 466
#IF, #ELSEIF, #ELSE, #ENDIF Directives ................................ 466
~ Line Continuation Operator ................................................... 469
#CASE Conditional Directive .................................................... 470
Expression Evaluation .............................................................. 472
Mathematical Functions ...................................................... 472
Table of Contents
xxiv PSCAD User’s Guide
Chapter 11: Debugging and Finalizing .................................... 477
Compiling Projects ................................................................... 477
Common Output Window Messages ........................................ 477
Warning: Suspicious isolated node detected ..................... 478
Parser: Suspicious substitution of empty key ‘<name>’ ...... 478
Signal ‘<name>’ type conversion may lose accuracy ......... 478
Signal ‘<name>’ source contention -> ‘<source_1>’
and ‘<source_2>’ ................................................................. 478
Signal ‘<name>’ dimension mismatch -> <dim_1> !=
<dim_1> .............................................................................. 478
Signal ‘<name>’ size mismatch at connection ‘<con>’ ........ 479
Array ‘<Name>’ cannot be typecasted ................................ 479
Invalid breakout connection to ground at ‘<Node>.’
Node array elements cannot be individually grounded. ...... 479
Short in breakout at ‘<Node>.’ Node array elements
must be uniquely defined. ................................................... 479
Branch imbalance between breakouts at ‘<Node>.’
Node array elements cannot be shared between signals. .. 479
Find Feature ............................................................................. 480
Find What ............................................................................ 480
Search ................................................................................. 480
Viewing Search Results ...................................................... 481
Viewing Build And Data Files ................................................... 481
Fortran and Data Files ........................................................ 482
Map and Make Files ............................................................ 482
Component Ordering ................................................................ 483
Showing Sequence Numbers .............................................. 483
Manually Setting Sequence Numbers ................................. 484
Show Signal Locations ............................................................. 485
Control Signal Flow Indicators .................................................. 486
Virtual Control Wires ................................................................ 487
Using An Integrated Debugger ................................................. 488
Project Options to Preset .................................................... 488
Linking to the Debugger ...................................................... 489
Creating Library (*.lib) and Object (*.obj) Files ......................... 491
Object (*.obj) Files ............................................................... 491
Library (*.lib) Files ............................................................... 491
Creating a Library (*.lib) File .......................................... 492
第10章：PSCAD脚本 .................................................................................. 447
替换..................................................................................... 447
$值替换前缀操作符 .......................................................... 448
有效的上下文和关键字名称 .......................................... 450
局部上下文简洁形式 ................................................... 450
把元件常数代入脚本 ................................................... 451
把元件常数代入文本标签 ............................................ 453
%数据替换前缀操作符 ....................................................... 454
把文本代入注释的脚本 ............................................... 455
把文本代入文本标签.................................................... 455
{}大括号............................................................................ 456
匿名表达式的替换 ....................................................... 457
块处理 ...................................................................... 457
! 注释标记........................................................................ 458
脚本语句 ............................................................................. 459
#STORAGE......................................................................... 460
#LOCAL ........................................................................... 461
#FUNCTION........................................................................ 462
#SUBROUTINE................................................................. 463
#OUTPUT ....................................................................... 464
#TRANSFORMERS ......................................................... 465
#WINDINGS..................................................................... 466
#IF, #ELSEIF, #ELSE, #ENDIF语句......................................... 466
~ 线路延续操作符 ............................................................... 469
#CASE条件语句..................................................................... 470
表达式求值........................................................................... 472
数学函数 ......................................................................... 472
第11章：调试与定稿 477
编译项目 477
常见的输出窗口信息477
警告：可疑孤立节点的检测 478
句法分析程序：可疑的空关键’<name>’的替换478
信号’<name>’类型转换会损失准确度 478
信号 ‘<name>’ 电源冲突 -> ‘<source_1>’
与 ‘<source_2>’478
信号 ‘<name>’ 维数不匹配 -> <dim_1> !=
<dim_1 > 478
信号 ‘<name>’ 连接点尺寸不匹配 ‘<con>’479
数组 ‘<Name>’ 类型无法配合 479
无效的分接头在’<Node>’处接地
节点数组元素不能单独接地479
在’<Node>’的分接头短路。节点数组元素
定义必须惟一 479
在’<Node>’的分接头间不平衡
节点数组元素不能在信号间共享479
查找特性 480
查找什么480
搜索480
查看搜索结果 481
查看Build与数据文件 481
Fortran与数据文件 482
映象与生成文件482
元件排序483
显示序列号483
手动设置序列号484
显示信号位置 485
控制信号流指示器486
虚拟控制线 487
使用集成调试器 488
要预置的项目选项 488
链接到调试器 489
创建库（*.lib）和对象（*.obj）文件491
对象(*.obj)文件491
库(*.lib)文件 491
创建库（*.lib）文件 492 序号：20
Chapter 12: MATLAB 序号：21
Chapter 1: Welcome to PSCAD
Whether you are a seasoned user upgrading to PSCAD V4, or
you have just recently joined our expanding, worldwide user base
- welcome!
PSCAD was first conceptualized in 1988 and began its long evo-
lution as a tool to generate data files for the EMTDC simulation
program. In its early form, Version 1 was largely experimental. Nev-
ertheless, it represented a great leap forward in speed and productiv-
ity, since users of EMTDC could now draw their systems, rather than
creating text listings. PSCAD was first introduced as a commercial
product as Version 2 targeted for UNIX platforms in 1994. It arrived
as a suite of associated software tools that performed circuit drafting,
runtime plotting/control and off-line plotting.
第1章：欢迎使用PSCAD
无论你是升级到PSCAD V4的经验丰富的用户，还是最近刚加入我们团队的用户，我们欢迎来自世界各地的用户！
PSCAD的概念最初是在1988年，作为一个为EMTDC仿真程序产生数据文件的工具开始了其漫长的发展。早期的版本1主要是实验性质的。然而，这在速度和生产力上代表一个重大的飞跃，因为EMTDC的用户现在可以绘制他们的系统而不仅仅是创建文本清单。PSCAD最早作为一个商业化的产品是在1994年以UNIX平台为目标的第2版，这一版达到了作为一套用来完成电路草图的绘制、运行时绘图/控制和离线绘图的整合软件工具的水平。 序号：22
When Version 3 for Windows arrived in 1999, it sought to push the
envelope by introducing a simulation system that could be built in a
modular form. Systems could now be built up using interconnecting
drawing blocks, compiled individually and having their own private
data space. This modular system improved accuracy and correct-
ness of the simulation. In addition, Version 3 brought some new
usability by fully integrating the drafting and runtime systems of its
predecessor. This integration produced an intuitive environment for
both design and simulation.
PSCAD Version 4 represents the latest developments in power
system simulation software. With much of the simulation engine
being fully mature for many years, the new challenges lie in the
advancement of the design tools for the user. The goal is to produce
software that is both powerful and easy to use. Version 4 retains
the strong simulation models of its predecessors while bringing to
the table an updated and fresh new look and feel to its windowing
and plotting. New single-line representations and new compiler
enhancements improve both the accuracy and reliability of the
simulation. New editors and easier navigation mean that finding your
way and maintaining larger systems is far easier to do. Portability to
Version 3 means updating to Version 4 is as simple as point, click,
and run. These and many other enhancements are why PSCAD has
been, and is, the professional’s choice for transients simulation.
当1999年到了第3版时，试图通过引入能以模型形式建立的仿真系统来增强该软件的运行能力现在可以用互连的活页图纸来建立系统，单独编译并且有他们自己的私有数据空间。该模块化系统提高了仿真的准确性和正确性。另外，版本3通过完全集成以前版本中的绘制草图和运行时间系统还带来了一些新的可用性。这种集成对设计和仿真都提供了一个直观的环境。
PSCAD第4版代表了电力系统仿真软件的最新发展。随着多年来众多仿真引擎的日益成熟，对于用户新的挑战在于设计工具的进步，目标是生产既功能强大又易用的软件。第4版在带来新的桌面和全新的外观和其开窗口和绘图的感觉的同时，也保持了其前面版本中强大的仿真模型。新的单线图和新的编译器增强同时提高了仿真的准确性可靠性。新的编辑器和更容易的导航意味着更容易以你的方法进行查找和维护更大型的系统。对第３版的可移植性意味着更新到第４版就简单到指向，点击和运行这些增强和其他很多的增强就是为什么PSCAD已经成为和正在成为专业人员暂态仿真的选择 序号：23
WHAT IS PSCAD?
PSCAD (Power Systems CAD) is a powerful and flexible graphi-
cal user interface to the world-renowned, EMTDC solution
engine. PSCAD enables the user to schematically construct a
circuit, run a simulation, analyze the results, and manage the data
in a completely integrated, graphical environment. Online plotting
functions, controls and meters are also included, so that the user can
alter system parameters during a simulation run, and view the results
directly.
PSCAD comes complete with a library of pre-programmed and test-
ed models, ranging from simple passive elements and control func-
tions, to more complex models, such as electric machines, FACTS
devices, transmission lines and cables. If a particular model does
not exist, PSCAD provides the flexibility of building custom models,
either by assembling them graphically using existing models, or by
utilizing an intuitively designed Design Editor.
PSCAD是什么？
PSCAD（电力系统CAD）是世界有名的EMTDC求解引擎的图形用户界面，功能强大且灵活。PSCAD让用户可以用示意图方式创建电路、运行仿真、分析结果和在完全集成化和图形化的环境中管理数据。还包含了在线绘图功能、控制和仪表，以便用户可在仿真运行期间改变系统参数并且直接查看结果。
PSCAD逐渐变得完善，它带有预编程的库和测试过的模型，从简单的无源元件和控制函数到更复杂的模型，如电机、FACTS设备、传输线和电缆。如果某个模型不存在，PSCAD提供了构造定制模型的灵活性，可以用已有模型进行图形化的装配，也可以使用为了直观化而设计的设计编辑器。 序号：24
The following are some common models found in systems studied
using PSCAD:
• Resistors, inductors, capacitors
• Mutually coupled windings, such as transformers
• Frequency dependent transmission lines and cables
(including the most accurate time domain line model in the
world!)
• Current and voltage sources
• Switches and breakers
• Protection and relaying
• Diodes, thyristors and GTOs
• Analog and digital control functions
• AC and DC machines, exciters, governors, stabilizers and
inertial models
• Meters and measuring functions
• Generic DC and AC controls
• HVDC, SVC, and other FACTS controllers
• Wind source, turbines and governors
PSCAD, and its simulation engine EMTDC, have enjoyed close to 30
years of development, inspired by ideas and suggestions by its ever
strengthening, worldwide user base. This development philosophy
has helped to establish PSCAD as one of the most powerful and
intuitive CAD software packages available.
下面是用PSCAD进行系统研究中常用的模型：
l 电阻器、电感器和电容器
l 互相耦合的绕组，如变压器
l 频率相关的传输线和电缆（包括世界上大多数精确的时域线路模型）
l 电流源和电压源
l 开关和断路器
l 继电保护
l 二极管、可控硅和GTO
l 模拟和数字控制函数
l 交流与直流电机、励磁机、调节器、稳定器和
惯性模型
l 仪表和测量函数
l 普通直流与交流控制
l HVDC、SVC和其他FACTS控制器
l 风力源、涡轮和调节器
PSCAD及其仿真引擎EMTDC享有接近30年的发展，不断加固的全世界的用户群的观念和建议激励着他。这种发展理念有助于巩固PSCAD成为可用的功能最强大和直观的CAD软件包之一。 序号：25
TYPICAL PSCAD STUDIES
The PSCAD users’ spectrum includes engineers and scientists
from utilities, manufacturers, consultants, research and academic
institutions. It is used in planning, operation, design, commission-
ing, preparing of tender specifications, teaching and research. The
following are examples of types of studies routinely conducted using
PSCAD:
• Contingency studies of AC networks consisting of rotating
machines, exciters, governors, turbines, transformers,
transmission lines, cables, and loads
• Relay coordination
• Transformer saturation effects
• Insulation coordination of transformers, breakers and
arrestors
• Impulse testing of transformers
• Sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) studies of networks with
machines, transmission lines and HVDC systems
• Evaluation of filter design and harmonic analysis
• Control system design and coordination of FACTS and
HVDC; including STATCOM, VSC, and cycloconverters
• Optimal design of controller parameters
• Investigation of new circuit and control concepts
• Lightning strikes, faults or breaker operations
• Steep front and fast front studies
• Investigate the pulsing effects of diesel engines and wind
turbines on electric networks
WHAT’S NEW IN PSCAD V4?
Many individuals reading this chapter may be current users of
PSCAD V3 (or even V2), who have recently upgraded to V4. If so,
you are probably eager to start simulating.
This section is provided especially for users of older versions who
want a jump-start to proficiently using V4, without the hassle of a lot
of reading. Of course, this section will also be of interest to new us-
ers, as the new features are described. 序号：25
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