acxing 发表于 2007-12-27 01:13:17

合同翻译的用词特点

用词特点(formal term) 合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。具体体现在下列方面:

1. May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用 ,May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。 may 旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),Shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候), must 用于强制性义务(必须做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。May do 不能说成can do, shall do, 不能说成should do 或ought to do, may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not,但绝不能用can not do或must not ) 例如,在约定解决争议的途径时的,可以说The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People's Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. 本句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性“约定”,如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样?前半句的shall换用may后,意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换用shall 后,变成了应当诉讼解决,好象一出事,就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。本句可译:双方首先应通过友好协商,解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协方的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。
2. 正式用语(formal term) 合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有很大不同。 例如: “因为”的短语多用“by virtue of \",远远多于“due to”一般不用“because of ”; “财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”; “在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”; “关于”常用“as regards”, “concerning”或“relating to”,而不会用“about”; “事实上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”; “开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”; “停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”; “何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb. 其中“召开”不用“hold 或call”,而用“convene”; “主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”,而用“preside”; “其他事项”用“miscellaneous”, 而不用“other matters/events”; “理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”,而不用“understand a contract”; “认为”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不用“think”或“believe”; “愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”,而不用“want to do”, “wish to do”。

三、用词专业(technical terms) 合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、 “救济”、 “不可抗力”、 “管辖”、“损毁”、 “灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。 其它例子还有: “赔偿”用“indemnities”,而不用“compensation” “不动产转让”用“conveyance”,而不用“transfer of real estate” “房屋出租”用“tenancy”,而“财产出租”用“lease of property” “停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease (名词是cessation) a business”,而不用“end/stop a business” 专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用“royalities” 还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文“grace”, “当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition” 以实物出资为“investment in kind” “依照合同相关规定”一般说“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等,不说“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract” “合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”,其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”,选用“Neither party to the contract”较少。

3. 同义词、近义词、相关词的序列 FOR value RECEIVED,the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______,a copy of which is annexed hereto. 在这里的同义词和近义词并列(如sell, transfer, assign and set over,right和 tile and interest),在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑,有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如: This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。 For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中“for and in consideration of ”, “covenants and agreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。 The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions” 再例如: “Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”,一句中的“release”和“discharge”意思几乎相同。 并列的词还有: ships and vessels support and maintenance licenses and permits charges, fees, costs and expenses any and all any duties, obligations or liabilities the partners, their heirs, successors and assigns control and management of the partnership applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules
4. 拉丁词 在国外合同中,拉丁词仍然是很常见: 比例税率:用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多 从事慈善性服务的律师:pro bono lawyer,不怎么用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance 委托代理人:多用agent ad litem。 合同翻译的第一步——读懂合同文件 一. 理解法律文件中的专门用语 英语中某些副词如“here”及“where”在法律文件中往往当作前缀,与另一个词构成法律词汇中的专门用语。在法律文件中用这些词,可以避免重复,避免误解,避免歧义,使行文准确、简洁。以这种方法构成的词主要有: hereafter, hereby, herein, hereof, hereto hereunder, hereupon, herewith, hereinbefore, hereinafter; thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith; whereas, whereby, wherein, whereof, whereon, etc。 这些词各有各的含义,笔者只能捡其中几个细说:
比如: 1. Hereby: by means of; by reason of this 之意,即特此,因此,兹等意。常用于法律文件、合同协议的正式文件的开头语,在条款中需要强调时也可用。举原文说明,如: The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract. 文中:
★hereby 意为 by reason of this,特此的意思。
★Covenants 是动词,意为make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同。
★ completion of the Works 是工程的竣工,Works与Work 在工程承包合同文件中常指工程而不是工作之意。
★ therein意为in the Works在本工程中。
★the Contract Price指合同总价,指工程的总造价。
★ such…as是关系代词,相当于that, which,把要限定的词置于such 与as之间使要限定的名词十分明确,避免合同双方在理解上发生争议。
★ under 意为in accordance with 根据,按照之意,决不能译成“在…….之下”。
★ the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the contract 合同条件、条款之意。在对文中专业性词汇作了解释之后,就不难理解这一段的含义了,也就是读懂了。于是可以把原文译为: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同总价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。

2.Hereto: to this,上文已提及的,比如表示“本合同双方”可以说“the Parties hereto”,这里的hereto表示“to this Contract” “本协议附件4”可以译为“Appendix 4 hereto”,这里的hereto表示“to this Agreement”。 读下面的原文,可以进一步理解hereto 在文中的作用。 All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto. Should, through negotiation, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this commission shall be applied. The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto. The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission. 文中:
★ 两次出现的hereto, 都是限定Parties, 表示the Parties to this Contract 本合同的双方。
★ “the performance of this Contract”履行本合同。
★“through amicable negotiations” 通过友好协商。
★should 表示如果发生什么情况,代替省掉的if。
★“shall then be submitted for arbitration”应提交进行仲裁。
★ “the Chinese International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing” 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会(北京)。
★ “the arbitration rules of this Commission” 仲裁规则。
★“the award of the arbitration: 仲裁裁决。
★ “unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission”仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。 这样,扫除了上述专业词汇的障碍,可把原文译为:对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议,本合同双方应友好协商解决,如协商无法解决争议,则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会(北京),依据仲裁规则仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的,对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担,但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。
3.Herein: in this 此中,于此。表示上文已提及的….,如遇到“本合同(中)的….”,“本法(中)的……”等行文时,用该词。比如,“本法(中)所称的不正当竞争,….”可以译为“unfair competition mentioned herein….此中的herein 意为“in this law” 又如“本协议(中)的内容”,可译为“the contents herein”,此中的herein 意为“ in this Agreement”.
看下面两段文字,可以加深领会herein及其它几个专门用语。 Unfair competition mentioned in this law refers to such acts of business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order. Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services (hereinafter called Goods including services). 注:上文中出现了3个法律文件中的专门用语:hereof: of this 关于此点。在本文件中之意,表示在上文已提及的。出现本合同的…..,“本文件的……”时,使用该词。如“本合同条件,条款……”可译为 “the terms, conditions and provisions hereof…..”此中的hereof表示“of this Contract”;又如“本工程的任何部分”可译为“any parts hereof”, 此中的hereof 意为“of this Works”. 文中: ★ “hereof 意为the provisions of this law。
★ herein, 在文中的意思是(Business operators mentioned)in this law。
★ hereinafter:later in the same Contract,以下;在下文,一般与to be referred to as; referred to as; called 等词或词组连用,以避免重复。
★ unfair competition 不正当竞争。
★ mentioned in this law: 本法所称。
★ contravene the provisions hereof: 违反本法规定。
★ damage the lawful rights and interests of other business operators: 损害其他经营者的合法权益。
★ disturb the socio-economic order:拢乱社会经济秩序。 原文可译为: 本法所称的不正当竞争,是指经营者违反本法规定,损害其他经营者的合法权益,扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。本法所称的经营者,是指从事商品经营或营利性服务(以下所称商品包括服务)的法人、其他经济组织和个人。

4.Therein: in that; in that particular context; in that respect. 在那里;在那点上,在那方面等之意,表示上文已提及的,“合同中的……..”“工程中的…….”等可用此词。如“修补工程中的缺陷”,可以译为“the remedying of any defects therein”, 此中的therein 表示“ in the Works”; 又如“用于工程中的材料或机械设备”可译为“materials or plant for incorporation therein”, 此中的therein 也表示“ in the Works”。 现用一小段原文来加强therein这个字的印象: “Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind (other than the Contractor’s Equipment) required in or about the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein. 文中:
★therein是指in the Works 工程中的。
★ Temporary Works: 临时性工程,是指为永久性工程服务的工程,永久性工程建成后应予以拆除。建造临时工程的费用,按国际FIDIC 合同条件规定,应由承包人负责。
★ Defects:缺陷,指工程施工出现的问题,即工程本身存在的问题,而不是因业主使用不当造成的。
★ The execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein: 工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷。请注意原文中的两个and的译法。一般一项工程分为两个阶段:第一阶段包括工程设计、施工、竣工;第二阶段是修补工程缺陷。由此可见,第一个and是指第一阶段的两个工程程序,第二and是为了区分工程的两个阶段,用词、结构无误,表达意思明确。这段原文可译为: 临时工程是指在工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷时需要或与有关的所有各种临时工程,(但承包人的设备除外)。

5.Whereas: considering that, 鉴于,就……而论(法律用语)。此词常用于合同,协议书的开头段落,引出合同双方要订立合同的理由或依据。
请看下面的三小段: Whereas Party B has the right and agrees to grant Party A the right to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology; Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products; The Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract have, through friendly negotiation, agreed to enter into this Contract under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows: 文中:
★两个whereas都作“鉴于”解。
★ to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of patented Technology: 将专利技术的合同产品的使用权、制造权和销售权授予甲方。
★ The Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract: 双方授权代表
★ Under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows: 就以下条款。 消除了这些专门词汇的拦路虎之后,原文即可译成:鉴于乙方有权并同意将专利技术的合同产品的使用权、制造权和销售权授予甲方; 鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同的产品; 双方授权代表经友好协商,同意就以下条款签订本合同:为了维护法律的权威性,在拟订合同法时常常使用这些平时罕见的、法律文件中专用的正式词汇,因此在阅读或翻译或拟订合同时,必须学会运用、处理这些词汇。

二)合同中常用的专门用词及词组
1.关于shall与should shall在合同文件中是使用频率最高的词,在合同文件中shall表示强制性承担法律或合同所规定的义务,在表达“应该”或“必须”做某事时,应用“shall”而不能用“ must”或“should”,但有时可用“will”,力度比shall弱。 Should在法律文件中往往作“if”解,只表示“如果”之意。 如: The board meeting shall be called and presided over by the Chairman. Should the chairman be absent, the vice-Chairman shall, in principle, call and preside over the board meeting. 文中:
★ 两个shall,都表示有责任做,应该做之意。
★ Should: If 表示如果。
★ board meeting:董事会会议。
★ preside over:主持。 原文可译为: 董事会会议应由董事长召集、主持;如董事长缺席,原则上应由副董事长召集、主持。

2. Unless otherwise Unless otherwise: 除外。比 “if not”和 “otherwise”表达正式。 该词由两个同义词“ unless” 和“otherwise”组成,otherwise有代词作用,后面一般跟动词的过去分词限定,意为:除非另…….:如“除非合同另有规定”可译为“unless otherwise specified in the Contract”, 又如“除非信用证另有规定”可译为“ unless otherwise specified in the Letter of Credit.” 如: These articles shall apply to documentary credits, including stand by letters of credit, to the extent to which the credits in question shall be applicable, and shall be binding on the Parties to the Contract, unless otherwise expressly agreed by the Parties thereto. 文中:
★ unless otherwise,表示除非合同双方另有约定。
★ these articles 指本条文 ★ apply to 适用,适用于,
★ in question: under consideration; being discussed about 即“在考虑中的或议论中的”某事、某问题,可译成“这”或“该”, 比如“该事项”, 可译为“the matter in question”,这是合同中长用的专业词组。 比如: Party A agrees to acquire from Party B and Party B agrees to transfer to Party A the Patented Technology for contract Products. The Patented Technology in question shall be the same technology as the technology of Party B’s latest products. 文中的the Patented Technology in question 是指前句中的the Patented Technology, 用了in question 就可以省略“在前句中的……”这样一句话,十分简捷鲜明。 例句可译为:甲方同意从乙方获得乙方同意向甲方转让的合同产品的专利技术。这种技术应与乙方最新产品的技术完全一致。
★ Shall be binding on the Parties to the Contract: 对合同各有关方面均具有约束力。 原文可译为: 本条文适用于一切跟单信用证,并包括在其适用范围内的备用信用证,对合同各有关方面均具有约束力,除非另有约定。

3. In accordance with: under; pursuant to 这三个词组都作“根据”,“按照”解,是法律文件中常用的词组,比according to 正式。试看例文: 例1: On the FOB basis, the Buyer shall book shipping space in accordance with the date of shipment specified in the contract. 文中:
★ in accordance with the date of shipment:根据装运日期
★ FOB= Free on board: 船上交货。按照1999年9月国际商会公布的《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》的规定,采用此术语,卖方将货物在合同指定的装运港装到买方的船上,即完成交货。卖方承担货物越过船舷以前的风险和费用;买方承担其后的风险和费用。采用此术语时,在FOB 后面常要注明装运港名称,如FOB Shanghai.
★ book shipping space: 洽定舱位。 原文可译为: 按照FOB条件,由买方负责根据合同规定的装运日期洽定舱位。 注意:文中的买方或卖方,为合同的专门词汇,都要大写。中译英时需注意这一点。例2: When, under the laws and approval from the relevant authorities, a limited liability company is converted into a company limited by shares, the total amount which shares are converted into shall be equivalent to the amount of the company’s net assets. 文中:
★under the laws:依法,按照法律
★a limited liability company:有限责任公司
★a company limited by shares: 股份有限公司 ★be equivalent to : 相等,相当于
★the amount of the company’s net assets: 公司净资产额 原文则可译为: 有限责任公司依法经批准变更为股份有限公司时,折合的股份总额应当相等于公司净资产额。

4. Provided that Provided that: 但规定,规定;但是,等意。对合同的某一条款需要作进一步规定时或在作规定时语气转折时常用此词组。在中译英时,要学会使用此词组,有时中文字面上并未见“但规定”,或“进一步规定”的字辞,但内含此义,可先将中文作“语内译”,若含有上述两义,应运用“provided that” 词组。例: An irrevocable credit shall be deemed to constitute a definite under taking of the issuing bank. Provided that if the stipulated documents are presented and are complied with the terms, conditions and provisions of the credit, and if the credit provides for sight payment, the payment shall be made or shall be guaranteed to be made. 文中:
★provided that对信用证的承诺性作了进一步规定。
★be deemed 被认为,被称为,视为等,是法律文件中的正式用语,比“ be believed; be considered”正式。 如: In the absence of such indication, the credit shall be deemed to be revocable.可译为:如无该项表示,信用证应视作是可撤销的。
★shall be deemed to constitute a definite undertaking of the issuing bank: 应被子认为构成开证行的确定承诺。
★Irrevocable 是revocable 加否定前缀构成,不可撤销之意。
★The credit provides for sight payment:即期付款信用证。 原文可译为: 不可撤销信用证,应被认为构成开证行的规定承诺。(但规定)如提交了规定的单据并符合信用证条款,并系即期付款信用证时,则进行付款或保证该款的照付。除上述法律文件中常用词组外,还有若干,如in respect of; in respect thereof (关于关于上文已提及的事项);in the event of , in the event that ( 如果;如果……..发生,比when正式);in case, the (the ) case of (如果;万一,一旦,);be liable for; be liable to ( 应付有责任);in Testimony whereof: in Witness whereof (以此为证,特立此证); know all Men by these presents (根据本文件;特此宣布);undersigned: (法律文件末尾的签名者,若前有定冠词the,是指文件签署者的自称;now therefore, (特此;因此,一般与whereas 连用,其后边常跟hereby. 译成“兹”,“特此”)。由于篇幅之限,就不一一细述了。

三) 读懂合同的法律文件的句子结构 合同文件及其他法律文件中的英文句子具有结构严谨、句式较长的特点,这是为了使表达的内容准确、严密、清楚、易解(无歧意)而特别设定的句式。其中主要是状语的定位问题,主句的状语和从句的状语都各居各位,也是为了不与定语相混淆。认真研究句构,掌握其中的规律,无论是中译英,还是英译中,或是拟草条款,都能得心应手。

1. 主句中的状语位置 由于法律的语言特点,法律文件中的英语句子的状语有其自己的规则,其位置与基础英语中的频度副词(如often, sometime, never等)的位置相同,一般放在助动词之后,行为动词之前。比如复合句,主句的状语位置应放在shall之后,动词之前,如:在讲解hereto这个问题时举的例句中,就有through amicable negotiations这个状语短语插入到shall 与be settled之间,修饰be settled。 又如: The securities regulatory authorities under the State Council shall, in accordance with law, implement centralized and unified regulation and supervision of the securities market nationwide. The securities regulatory authorities under the State Council may, where necessary, establish agencies that shall perform the regulatory functions as authorized. (国务院证券监督管理机构依法对全国证券市场实行集中统一监督管理。国务院证券监督管理机构根据需要可以设立派出机构,按照授权履行监督管理职责。)如果把第一句中的插入状语移动到句末,即nationwide之后就有可能把其误解成market nationwide的定语或是状语,但修饰动词implement的势力很弱,可用一个很简单的例子来说明这一点,如: I fed the white dog there. There 放在句末就有可能产生两种句意: 其一:I fed the white dog which was there. 其二:In that place I fed the white dog. 因此为了避免发生这样的歧义,使表达的意思准确,主句的状语便紧紧地设定在shall之后,行为动词之前,以最捷径的办法限定动词,避免误解。第二句中的where necessary, 以同样的道理,设定在may 与establish之间。

2.状语在从句中的位置 法律文件,合同文件中常常用复合句,从句中的状语与主句中的状语应各有其位,不能互相混淆,分辨不清、产生歧义,造成合同双方争议,因此从句中的状语通常都锁定在从句之内,状语一般开门见山,放在从句连接词(when, if 等)之后,从句主体句之前,常用逗号分隔,以示其是插入的状语。如: Where, through securities trading at a stock exchange, an investor comes to hold 5 percent of shares issued by a listed company, the investor shall, within three days from the date on which such share holding becomes a fact, submit a written report to the Securities Regulatory Authorities under the State Council and the Stock Exchange, notify the listed company and make the fact known to the public. 这个句子较长,主要是由于插入的状语、定语及状语从句造成的,where引导的状语从句中又插入了一个状语短语,其位置就在连接词where之后,从句主体句之前,即an investor 之前:这个词组是修饰investor comes to hold 的方式状语,若把这个词组放到从句之后,或主句之后都是产生歧义误解的因素。此句的主句中在shall之后也插入一个状语短语within three days from the date, 后又接一个定语从句修饰date 直到a fact, submit是主句谓语动词与shall 相配,另外还有两个与之并列的两个谓语动词及其宾语。 如此解读后,句中的状语短语及状语从句都一目了然,句中各部分关系清晰明了。可译成如下中文:通过证券交易所的证券交易,投资者持有一个上市公司已发行的股份的百分之五时,应当在该事实发生之日起三日内向国务院证券监督管理机构、证券交易所作出书面报告,通知该上市公司,并予以公告。

3. 状语从句的简略形式在句中的位置 状语从句的简略形式应插入主句,其位置等同于主句中状语短语的位置。在shall之后,行为动词之前。如 The Borrower shall, if required, reimburse the Agent or the Bank in question the same amount of such taxes, duties, levies, penalties or interests as are paid by the Agent or the Bank. (如果代理行或任何银行支付了任何上述税款、罚金和利息,则借款人一经要求即应如数补偿代理行或该行。) 此原文中的“if required” 一经要求,是if 状从的省略式,插入主句之中,文中的such…..as是定从的关系代词,以这种方式把它从所要修饰限定的词锁定,如果用which 或that修饰,就会发生歧义,which 或that限定的是interests还是上述五个名词,用such……as就避免了这样的歧义发生。 读懂合同、法律文件是翻译合同文件的基础,以上所读是笔者最近十几年来的研究成果,可望与同行共习之。
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