白藜芦醇的吸附特性和高纯度白藜芦醇的制取
我每天晚上都喝点红葡萄酒。据说法国人虽然大鱼大肉猛吃,心血管疾病相对却较少,究其原因,居然是因为他们一直喝红葡萄酒。
先问一个疑惑了我很久的问题,有一次,喝了红酒之后,我到卫生间吐了口吐沫,惊讶地发现,吐沫居然是蓝颜色的。这下把我吓坏了。
更可怕的是,在我洗酒杯时,发现水一进杯子,残余的红酒立即变成了蓝色。
难道红酒遇水就会起化学反应?难道这红酒是猫头鹰?
这个问题我到现在还没有答案。
红酒有利于健康我倒是有答案,那是因为红葡萄酒中含有一种叫白藜芦醇的物质,Resveratrol, 逆转醇(白藜芦醇)(trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene),其分子结构为,
是一种在某些种类的红葡萄的皮中,以及蓼科植物虎杖的根中发现的物质,在花生中也含有白藜芦醇。它是一种抗自由基、抗氧化剂,能抑制血小板非正常凝聚,预防心肌硬塞、脑栓塞,对缺氧心脏有保护作用,对烧伤或失血性休克引起的心输出量下降有效恢复,并能够扩张动脉血管及改善微循环。
纯的白藜芦醇在欧洲售价很高,如果按体体积算,比黄金还贵,所以这是个赚钱的买卖,我在考虑把它作为一个新的研究方向,研究重点是白藜芦醇的吸附特性和高纯度白藜芦醇的制取。或许大家能给我许多帮助。
首先是参考文献的收集。我自己还没开始做,如果哪位手头正好有相关文献的我也想以每份2C收购(不计重复的,并请PM告知),收集到的文献我就列个单子附在帖子后面,也供国内学者参考。
其次是和汉堡工业大学开展国际科研合作并申请相关研究课题。我在教学相长中“招博”帖已经提到了,联系到了与此课题专业很对口的一位DAAD奖学金申请者。但是一半的淘汰率,其前景很渺茫,我估计我们的后门恐怕开不成了。教训啊,一个将被DFG列为国家重点的科研方向在面试介绍时却被德国专家认为在德国没有研究前景。
已从SD下载的文献
5454: Increase of trans-resveratrol in typical Sicilian wine using β-Glucosidase from various sources, Food Chemistry, Volume 107, Issue 4, 15 April 2008, Pages 1570-1575, Aldo Todaro, Rosa Palmeri, Riccardo N. Barbagallo, Pier Giorgio Pifferi and Giovanni Spagna
5455: Determination of stilbenes in Sicilian pistachio by high-performance liquid chromatographic diode array (HPLC-DAD/FLD) and evaluation of eventually mycotoxin contamination, Food Chemistry, Volume 107, Issue 1, 1 March 2008, Pages 483-488, Francesca Grippi, Lucia Crosta, Gioacchino Aiello, Manlio Tolomeo, Francesca Oliveri, Nicola Gebbia and Alice Curione
5456: Determination of products derived from trans-resveratrol UV photo-isomerisation by means of HPLC-APCI-MS, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 19 November 2007, Gergely Montsko, Martin S. Pour Nikfardjam, Zoltan Szabo, Katalin Boddi, Tamas Lorand, Robert Ohmacht and Laszlo Mark
5457: Measurement and correlation of solubility of trans-resveratrol in 11 solvents at T = (278.2, 288.2, 298.2, 308.2, and 318.2) K, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 30 October 2007, Xilan Sun, Bin Peng and Weidong Yan
5458: Rapid liquid chromatography–ultraviolet determination of organic acids and phenolic compounds in red wine and must, Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 1052, Issues 1-2, 15 October 2004, Pages 211-215, Zohar Kerem, Ben-ami Bravdo, Oded Shoseyov and Yizhar Tugendhaft
5459: Large-scale separation of resveratrol, anthraglycoside A and anthraglycoside B from Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc by high-speed counter-current chromatography, Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 919, Issue 2, 15 June 2001, Pages 443-448, Fuquan Yang, Tianyou Zhang and Yoichiro Ito
5460: High-speed counter-current chromatography separation and purification of resveratrol and piceid from Polygonum cuspidatum, Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 907, Issues 1-2, 12 January 2001, Pages 343-346, Lei Chen, Yashan Han, Fuquan Yang and Tianyou Zhang
5461: Simultaneous determination of six major stilbenes and flavonoids in Smilax china by high performance liquid chromatography, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Volume 44, Issue 3, 27 July 2007, Pages 737-742, Bo Shao, Hong-zhu Guo, Ya-jun Cui, Ai-hua Liu, Hai-lan Yu, Hui Guo, Man Xu and De-an Guo
5462: Comparison of Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography and Microcolumn High Performance Liquid Chromatography for Resveratrol Analysis, Chinese Journal of Chromatography, Volume 25, Issue 3, May 2007, Pages 319-321, Enguo FAN, Xiaojing HUANG, Kai ZHANG, Yuhua BAI, Ruyu GAO and Chao YAN
5463: Simultaneous analysis of eight bioactive compounds in Danning tablet by HPLC-ESI-MS and HPLC-UV, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Volume 43, Issue 3, 19 February 2007, Pages 1007-1012, Runhui Liu, Jiye Zhang, Mingjin Liang, Weidong Zhang, Shikai Yan and Min Lin
5464: Application of ionic liquids in the microwave-assisted extraction of trans-resveratrol from Rhizma Polygoni Cuspidati, Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 1140, Issues 1-2, 26 January 2007, Pages 56-62, Fu-You Du, Xiao-Hua Xiao and Gong-Ke Li
5465: Determination of flavan-3-ols and trans-resveratrol in grapes and wine using HPLC with fluorescence detection, Food Chemistry, Volume 100, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 518-525, Ozan Gürbüz, Duygu G鲧men, Fatih Dagˇdelen, Murat Gürsoy, Sami Aydin, İsmet Şahin, Levent Büyükuysal and Mehmet Usta
5466: Determination of trans-resveratrol in grapes by pressurised liquid extraction and fast high-performance liquid chromatography, Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 1110, Issues 1-2, 31 March 2006, Pages 61-65, Z. Pi馿iro, M. Palma and C.G. Barroso
5467: High-performance liquid chromatography spectrometric analysis of trans-resveratrol in rat plasma, Journal of Chromatography B, Volume 832, Issue 2, 7 March 2006, Pages 177-180, Hui He, Xijing Chen, Guangji Wang, Jiping Wang and Andrew Keith Davey
5468: Simple and rapid method for cis- and trans-resveratrol and piceid isomers determination in wine by high-performance liquid chromatography using Chromolith columns, Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 1085, Issue 2, 2 September 2005, Pages 224-229, M. Abert Vian, V. Tomao, S. Gallet, P.O. Coulomb and J.M. Lacombe
5469: Analysis of trans-resveratrol by laser ionization mass spectrometry and HPLC with fluorescence detection: Comparison between both techniques, Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 1074, Issues 1-2, 13 May 2005, Pages 133-138, J.B. Jiménez Sánchez, E. Crespo Corral, M.J. Santos Delgado, J.M. Orea and A. González Ure馻
5470: Direct analysis of trans-resveratrol in red wine by high performance liquid chromatography with chemiluminescent detection, Food Chemistry, Volume 88, Issue 4, December 2004, Pages 613-620, Jian Zhou, Hua Cui, Guohui Wan, Hong Xu, Yongqiang Pang and Chunfeng Duan
5471: Rapid method for resveratrol determination by HPLC with electrochemical and UV detections in wines, Food Chemistry, Volume 87, Issue 1, August 2004, Pages 151-158, Irena Kolouchová-Hanzlíková, Karel Melzoch, Vladimír Filip and Jan midrkal
5472: Determination of trans-Resveratrol in wines, herbs and health food by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection, Food Chemistry, Volume 78, Issue 2, August 2002, Pages 255-260, Leyi Gao, Qingcui Chu and Jiannong Ye
5473: Direct liquid chromatographic analysis of resveratrol derivatives and flavanonols in wines with absorbance and fluorescence detection, Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 458, Issue 1, 29 April 2002, Pages 103-110, Xavier Vitrac, Jean-Pierre Monti, Joseph Vercauteren, Gérard Deffieux and Jean-Michel Mérillon
5474: Trans-resveratrol in wines from the Canary Islands (Spain). Analysis by high performance liquid chromatography, Food Chemistry, Volume 76, Issue 3, March 2002, Pages 371-375, M. A. Rodríguez-Delgado, G. González, J. P. Pérez-Trujillo and F. J. García-Montelongo
5475: The application of an improved method for trans-resveratrol to determine the origin of Greek red wines, Food Chemistry, Volume 75, Issue 3, November 2001, Pages 355-363, S. Kallithraka, I. Arvanitoyannis, A. El-Zajouli and P. Kefalas
5476: Supercritical fluid extraction of resveratrol from grape skin of Vitis vinifera and determination by HPLC, Talanta, Volume 54, Issue 4, 30 May 2001, Pages 735-740, M. C. Pascual-Martí, A. Salvador, A. Chafer and A. Berna
5477: Separation of phenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography with absorbance and fluorimetric detection, Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 912, Issue 2, 6 April 2001, Pages 249-257, M. A. Rodríguez-Delgado, S. Malovaná, J. P. Pérez, T. Borges and F. J. García Montelongo
5478: Optimisation of sample preparation for the determination of trans-resveratrol and other polyphenolic compounds in wines by high performance liquid chromatography, Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 428, Issue 2, 9 February 2001, Pages 245-253, S. Malovaná, F. J. García Montelongo, J. P. Pérez and M. A. Rodríguez-Delgado
5479: High-pressure solubility data of the system resveratrol (3)+ethanol (2)+CO2 (1), The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, Volume 19, Issue 2, February 2001, Pages 133-139, A. Berna, A. Cháfer and J. B. Montón
5480: Analysis of several phenolic compounds with potential antioxidant properties in grape extracts and wines by high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection without sample preparation, Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 881, Issues 1-2, 9 June 2000, Pages 461-469, Eugenio Revilla and José-María Ryan
5481: Analysis of resveratrol in wine by capillary electrophoresis, Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 881, Issues 1-2, 9 June 2000, Pages 471-481, Xuelin Gu, Qingyi Chu, Mary O’Dwyer and Michael Zeece
5482: Liquid chromatography with multichannel electrochemical detection for the determination of trans-resveratrol in rat blood utilizing an automated blood sampling device, Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, Volume 740, Issue 1, 31 March 2000, Pages 129-133, Yongxin Zhu, Tiehua Huang, Meloney Cregor, Hong Long, Candice B. Kissinger and Peter T. Kissinger
5483: Determination of trans-resveratrol and other polyphenols in wines by a continuous flow sample clean-up system followed by capillary electrophoresis separation, Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 359, Issues 1-2, 19 February 1998, Pages 27-38, Lourdes Arce, María Teresa Tena, Angel Rios and Miguel Valcárcel
5484: Vibrational spectroscopy of resveratrol, Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, Volume 68, Issue 3, November 2007, Pages 669-679, Ferenc Billes, Ildikó Mohammed-Ziegler, Hans Mikosch and Ernő Tyihák
5485: Production and secretion of resveratrol in hairy root cultures of peanut, Phytochemistry, Volume 68, Issue 14, July 2007, Pages 1992-2003, Fabricio Medina-Bolivar, Jose Condori, Agnes M. Rimando, John Hubstenberger, Kristen Shelton, Sean F. O’Keefe, Selester Bennett and Maureen C. Dolan
5486: Multivariate optimisation and validation of a capillary electrophoresis method for the analysis of resveratrol in a nutraceutical, Talanta, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 28 June 2007, Serena Orlandini, Iacopo Giannini, Sergio Pinzauti and Sandra Furlanetto
5487: An effective sample preparation approach for screening the anticancer compound piceatannol using HPLC coupled with UV and fluorescence detection, Journal of Chromatography B, Volume 853, Issues 1-2, 15 June 2007, Pages 175-182, Li-Lian Lin, Ching-Yi Lien, Ya-Chin Cheng and Kuo-Lung Ku
5488: Isolation and purification of antioxidative isomeric polyphenols from the roots of Parthenocissus laetevirens by counter-current chromatography, Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 1151, Issues 1-2, 1 June 2007, Pages 175-179, Shan He, Yanbin Lu, Bin Wu and Yuanjiang Pan
5489: Purification and characterization of piceid-β-d-glucosidase from Aspergillus oryzae, Process Biochemistry, Volume 42, Issue 1, January 2007, Pages 83-88, Chunzhi Zhang, Dai Li, Hongshan Yu, Bo Zhang and Fengxie Jin
5490: Preparative isolation and purification of five compounds from the Chinese medicinal herb Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc by high-speed counter-current chromatography, Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 1097, Issues 1-2, 2 December 2005, Pages 33-39, Xin Chu, Ailing Sun and Renmin Liu
5491: Identification and purification of resveratrol targeting proteins using immobilized resveratrol affinity chromatography, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Volume 323, Issue 3, 22 October 2004, Pages 743-749, Zhirong Wang, Tze-chen Hsieh, Zhongtao Zhang, Yuliang Ma and Joseph M. Wu 引用第0楼bookish 于2007-12-05 23:05发表的 白藜芦醇的吸附特性和高纯度白藜芦醇的制取 :
更可怕的是,在我洗酒杯时,发现水一进杯子,残余的红酒立即变成了蓝色。
.......
奇怪。不知是哪儿产的酒。
喝过红葡萄酒的杯子我也洗过不少,我的印象中好像没见过这种现象。 什么牌子的红酒有这样的现象啊?
估计是pH值什么的造成的变化吧。 看题目吓死我了,进来一看原来就是洗杯子啊。
自来水洗红酒杯时杯里剩的红酒变色我常遇到啊,有点像稀释的蓝黑墨水的颜色。茶水有时候也会这样,我直觉认为那是鞣酸跟什么东西起反应了,不过说实话我现在已经忘了鞣酸是什么了。 看样子你和book都经常喝欧洲的洋酒。
我们喝土酒的咋就没发现这现象呢? 这是学术问题啊,不喝怎么能知道啊?
可惜醉哥你不在北京,我这还有两瓶(说实话不怎么样的)法国红酒呢。 引用第5楼parivraj于2007-12-06 13:28发表的 :
这是学术问题啊,不喝怎么能知道啊?
可惜醉哥你不在北京,我这还有两瓶(说实话不怎么样的)法国红酒呢。
一定要挑选有 mise en bouteil au chateau 字样的葡萄酒 谢谢parivraj兄的解答,我想应该是这个道理(“扑通”,心里的一块石头掉下去了)。
确实是法国红酒,我把商标给抄来了,
Vin de Pays de rHerault
上次的也是法国酒,什么牌子没记下(买酒时只看什么便宜)。
下次再买瓶别的国家的试试(我这里买不到长城和皇朝)。 国内售价几十元一瓶的法国葡萄酒一般就没必要选购了,如果不是很精通的话,因为大部分都是大酒桶进口后再分瓶装的。要买就买原装瓶的,价格可能贵一点,但质量有保证。 回过头来说白藜芦醇。
白藜芦醇,别名:虎杖甙元,分子式为C14H12O3,分子量为228.25,中文化学名:3,5,4’-三羟基芪;3,5,4’-三羟基二苯乙烯;芪三酚。
白藜芦醇无味,白色粉末,难溶于水,能溶于甲醇、乙醇、乙醚、丙酮、氯仿,乙酸乙酯等。熔点:260°C,沸点:489°C。
人们在虎杖、葡萄、花生等72种植物中发现了白藜芦醇。白藜芦醇是一种抗氧化剂,在植物中的作用是,在潮湿的环境下抵抗霉菌的侵袭。
白藜芦醇在自然界中有几种同分异构体:trans-resveratrol, cis-resveratrol, glucoside
对人体有用的是trans-resveratrol,但trans-resveratrol对光线敏感,在阳光照射下会转变为cis-resveratrol,我还不知道有什么方法可以把这两种同分异构体分辨出来,请专家赐教。
现在我们只是在萃取、浓缩和提纯过程中尽量避免光照。
trans-resveratrol在11种溶剂中的溶解度
文献5458是浙江大学的研究成果,他们测定了trans-resveratrol在甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、正戊醇、正己醛、乙酸乙酯、四氢呋喃、丙酮和水(pH 6.0) (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2- propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, and water (pH 6.0))中的溶解度,得到,
ln (x) = a + b / T + c * ln (T)
其中,x 是摩尔分数,T 是绝对温度(K),a、b、c是实验得到的常数,
Solventabc
Methanol112.415-5998.51-16.951
Ethanol57.077-3960.67-8.403
1-Propanol171.326-9302.90-25.384
2-Propanol178.045-10148.11-26.104
1-Butanol313.179-16205.47-46.273
1-Pentanol348.828-18019.82-51.449
1-Hexanol168.965-9608.30-24.868
Ethyl acetate623.739-30549.30-92.214
Tetrahydrofuran129.102-5998.12-19.513
Acetone153.419-6997.14-23.232
Water (pH 6.0)344.028-20138.14-50.758
这组实验数据对于trans-resveratrol的分离应该是很有用的。
(这个版面居然不能使用HTML代码,表格也就做不成了) 呵呵,别啊……我那哪儿是解答啊,按醉哥的说法,顶多是个“民科”,哈哈,“鞣酸”这玩意还是刚认字时候看科普读物知道的,这一晃二十年了,都不知道到底长啥样。
这儿有没有熟悉食品化验的朋友,劳烦解答解答吧,呵呵。
另外Vin de Pays de Herault应该只是产地说明,就是“埃罗地区的酒”的意思,呵呵,法国南部的一个产区。
另外总觉得分装这事挺复杂的,也不一定在酒庄以外装瓶的就不好,法国有个APPELLATION D'ORIGINE CONTROLEE 原产地区管理证明(A.O.C.),一般有那个就是不错的酒,比较好认些。格式是在Appellation和Controlee两个字中加进原产地名(地名越小酒质量就越有保证)。比如APPELLATION BORDEAUX CONTROLEE,这样。
另外德国的白葡萄酒好啊,呵呵,Riesling…… 同意楼上观点,大家一般是参考appellation controlee来评定的,而且书上也是这么说的。我说的方法是来自于比较会喝的法国人,推荐给不太了解法国葡萄酒的人如何选购质量有保证,价廉物美的一种简便方法,只需记住 城堡装瓶 这几个字就可以了,至于酒的商标,产地一概不知也没有多大关系。 呵呵,那想必是经验之谈了,不过我觉得mise en bouteille au ch鈚eau的话,物美应该是差不多,因为自家有装瓶设备的一般都是较大的酒庄,但价廉就不一定了啊,从三五欧到几十几百欧都可能有这句话呢(Appellation controlée也有这样的问题,但A Bordeaux C的一般总不至于卖成天价的——当然记地名是很恐怖的事情,我一般得现查,然后就是蹭到觉得好喝的酒就记一下标签(做得还很不到位……但总的来说还是口味适合自己最重要,什么等级装瓶的都只是辅助罢了——尤其国内的法国红酒卖得太乱——我一般就龙徽长城之类的了,呵呵)),而且贵的酒(比如标了Grand Cru,Grand Cru Classé……这些的)带不带这句话的都是很厉害的(Appellation controlée也有这样的问题,但至少有等级区别,A Bordeaux C的一般总不至于卖成天价的——当然记地名是很恐怖的事情,我一般得现查,哈哈)。
当然我想楼上的意思是先定个价格,比如5欧元以下,然后再找带这句话的(AOC也一样),那比之在外边装瓶的自然要有保证些啦。
另外觉得书还是值得翻翻的,尤其是外国人写的那些(可惜翻译一般都很一般),至少可以有个全局概念。看到读书中文上发了些,可惜是快速版的。 价格当然是有高低的拉。我的意思是,有 城堡装瓶 字样的呢,价格再便宜也不会很难喝(当然也不会很便宜,一般不会低于30法郎);而没有这个字样的呢,即便价格很贵,而且也是品牌,也未必见得比那瓶价格便宜的好喝多少。个人的购买标准是以20法郎为分界线。20以下的葡萄酒呢我是不会购买的,因为需要很好的选酒经验才能挑到口感好的,10法郎以下的呢基本上是那些嗜酒如命的人喝的,也就更不会去买了。(以上都是指当地销售价) 11月份2个法国同事的告别聚会上,那两个法国同事带来了5、6种法国红酒,并用投影仪打出法国地图,一一介绍每种酒的产地。我呢,只管一杯杯地喝,一圈喝下来,也没觉得最好的那瓶有什么好,最便宜的那瓶又有什么不对劲。
不过,看了几篇关于提纯trans-resveratrol的文献(5459、5460),那是北京新技术应用研究所张天佑教授和北京农业大学陈雷的研究工作。他们采用的是高速逆流色谱技术,提取物的纯度达到99%。
高速逆流色谱技术的原理好像还比较难用语言来表达。简单地说,它是通过旋转产生的离心力,使得具有不同密度的两种液相之间产生相对运动,是一种液液分配分离技术。问题是,装置一旋转,那几根导管不就扭成麻花啦?日本学者Ito的发明巧妙地解决了这个问题。以下两本关于逆流色谱技术的书在CADAL上有,有兴趣的朋友可以去那里下载。
33180665,逆流色谱技术,张天佑编著,北京科学技术出版社1991年3月,总页数401
07112907,高速逆流色谱分离技术及应用,曹学丽编著,化学工业出版社2005年3月,总页数466
不过,我们打算做的研究主要围绕吸附分离,尤其是想从多孔材料吸附方向作探索,因为这似乎是德国学术界目前感兴趣并准备投入的一个研究方向,所以对高速逆流色谱技术就不打算给予关注了。
采用色谱仪进行分离的实验,同事们已经在做了,周末可以拿到一点试验数据。接下去要做些计算分析工作,以便建立一个初步的模型,用于设计下一步的实验。
关于数学建模的参考文献
1042. Luo, X. and Niemeyer, B., Modelling and simulation of transient transport processes using axial dispersion model, in: Scientific Computing in Chemical Engineering II, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Reaction Engineering, and Molecular Properties, F. Keil, W. Mackens and H. Vo 哈哈,看来bookish老师和我差不多。一般十法郎左右的和二十法郎以上的还是能分出来的;二十法郎以上的我就分不出来了,对我来说是差不多的了。有一次,有人把我当贵客,拿出珍藏了几十年的一瓶一九三几年产的法国红葡萄酒,我的感觉就是像在喝醋,可是嘴上还得对人家很有礼貌得说好喝好喝。 引用第15楼lucy12345678于2007-12-11 22:25发表的 :
哈哈,看来bookish老师和我差不多。一般十法郎左右的和二十法郎以上的还是能分出来的;二十法郎以上的我就分不出来了,对我来说是差不多的了。有一次,有人把我当贵客,拿出珍藏了几十年的一瓶一九三几年产的法国红葡萄酒,我的感觉就是像在喝醋,可是嘴上还得对人家很有礼貌得说好喝好喝。
L兄弟,如主人问你"你觉得好喝在啥地方?",你怎么回答呢.
还是我们喝土酒的好,洗被子绝对不会变颜色滴,挖哈哈 问:“你觉得好喝在啥地方?”
答:“够陈啊……” 严重跑题! 引用第16楼hufucopy于2007-12-12 21:20发表的 :
如主人问你"你觉得好喝在啥地方?",你怎么回答呢.
答:“白藜芦醇的含量很高……”
(不跑题了)
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