艾滋病词典-HIV/AIDS terms(A-H)
3TC - 拉米夫定An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; 3TC is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI, nuke)
abacavir - 阿巴卡伟
An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; abacavir is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI, nuke)
ABC
See: abacavir
abdominal pain - 腹痛
Feelings of discomfort in the abdomen or belly, including the stomach, liver, intestines, spleen and pancreas
Aboriginal people - 原住民
In Canada, Aboriginal people are the descendents of the original inhabitants of North America, including First Nations people, Métis and Inuit
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - 后天免疫失调症
The most severe manifestation of infection with HIV, which causes damage to the immune system; AIDS is usually associated with opportunistic infections, cancers and/or weight loss
action research
See: community-based research
adherence - 遵守疗程
How well a person is able to continue their pill-taking schedule as prescribed and directed
adverse reaction
See: side effect
aerosolized - 气雾剂
Made into a fine mist; an aerosolized drug is given as a spray that is inhaled into the lungs
Agenerase
See: amprenavir
AIDS
See: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
AIDS dementia complex - 艾滋病痴呆综合症
A disease of the brain caused by HIV that leads to loss of coordination, mood swings and problems thinking clearly
allergic reaction - 过敏性反应
Over-reaction of the immune system to a drug or other normally safe compound
alternative medicine
See: complementary therapy
amprenavir - 安普那伟
An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; amprenavir is a protease inhibitor (PI)
anabolic steroid - 合成代谢类固醇
A synthetic hormone used to increase muscle size and strength; anabolic steroids are derived from testosterone
anal sex - 肛交
Sexual intercourse where the penis is inserted in the anus
anemia - 贫血症
A deficiency in the capacity of blood to carry oxygen to cells and tissues; tests for anemia measure hemoglobin, red blood cell volume, and red blood cell number
anonymous HIV testing - 匿名艾滋病测试
A service that offers HIV diagnostic tests without asking for or recording people’s names
antagonist - 对抗剂
A drug that counteracts or neutralizes another drug
antibody - 抗体
A disease-fighting protein created by the immune system; antibodies selectively neutralize foreign matter in the body, providing protection from certain viruses, bacteria and toxins; antibodies are part of the humoral immune response
antifungal drug - 抗霉药
A drug used to treat fungal infections like candidiasis
antiobiotic drug - 抗生素
A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms
antioxidant - 抗氧化剂
A substance that reduces the damage to cells caused by oxidative stress; examples include beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E
antiviral drug - 抗病毒药物
A drug used to treat viral infections like herpes
Aptivus
See: tipranavir
APV
See: amprenavir
ART
See: highly active antiretroviral therapy
aspergillosis - 曲霉病
A disease caused by a fungal infection; it can cause sores on the skin, ears, in the nose, or sometimes on internal organs
atazanavir - 阿扎那伟
An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; atazanavir is a protease inhibitor (PI)
ATZ
See: atazanavir
Ayurveda - 印度传统草药医术
A system of traditional medicine practiced in India
AZT - 齐多夫定
An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; AZT is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI, nuke)
Bactrim
See: Septra
barebacking - 无套肛交
Sexual intercourse, particularly anal sex, where no condom is used
baseline - 基线
A test result, such as CD4+ count or viral load, taken before treatment is started; when compared with later test results, a baseline can be used to monitor the effectiveness of the treatment
bereavement - 居丧
Sadness and grief over the death of a loved one
beta blocker - 乙型阻滞剂
A drug used to treat high blood pressure
bioavailability - 生物药效率
The percentage of a drug or nutrient that is absorbed by the body and becomes active; low bioavailability means only a small portion of the ingested drug is active in the body
biopsy - 活组织检查
A small piece of tissue taken from the body and analyzed for the presence of disease
bisexuality - 双性恋
Sexual or romantic attraction to both men and women
blood-brain barrier - 血脑屏障
A membrane separating brain tissue from circulating blood; the blood-brain barrier often prevents drugs from entering the central nervous system from the blood stream
bloodwork - 验血
Laboratory tests that measure properties of the blood
BMI
See: body mass index
body composition - 身体成份
The percentage of body fat compared with lean body mass; lean body mass includes muscle, bones, organs and water
body mass index - 身体质量指数
A measure of the relative amounts of fat and muscle in the body; body mass index is calculated as weight divided by height squared
boosted regimen - 加强药方
A drug combination where the effectiveness of one drug is increased by adding a low dose of another drug (usually ritonavir); boosted regimens usually require fewer doses and result in more stable concentrations of drugs in the body
breast-feeding - 母乳喂哺
When a mother feeds her newborn child with milk from her breasts
buffalo hump - 水牛峰
An accumulation of fat on the back of the neck and middle of the upper back; it is part of the lipodystrophy syndrome caused by anti-HIV drugs
caesarean section - 剖腹分娩
A surgery performed to deliver a baby through the abdominal wall (stomach) of the mother, as opposed to birth through the vagina
cancer - 癌症
A disease characterized by uncontrolled growth (neoplasm, tumour) and spread (metastasis) of abnormal cells in the body; HIV can cause rare forms of cancer like Kaposi’s sarcoma
candidiasis - 念珠菌感染
A fungal infection, caused by Candida; in the mouth, candidiasis is called thrush and shows up as white patches; in the vagina, the disease is called vulvovaginal candidiasis; candidiasis can also attack lungs and the throat (esophagus)
cannabis
See: marijuana
cardiovascular disease - 心血管病
A disease that affects the heart or blood vessels; examples include heart attack, stroke and congestive heart failure
CAT scan
See: computed tomography scan
CBC
See: complete blood count
CCR5
See: coreceptor
CD4+ count - CD4白血球读数
CD4+ cells are a type of immune system cell (T cell) that helps fight infections; CD4+ cells are easily infected by HIV; the CD4+ cell count measures the number of CD4+ cells in the blood and is used to monitor the progression of HIV
CD8+ count - CD8白血球读数
CD8+ cells are a type of immune system cell (T cell) that helps fight infections; the CD8+ cell count measures the number of CD8+ cells in the blood; the ratio of CD4+ cells to CD8+ cells is often lower in people with HIV/AIDS
cell-mediated immunity - 细胞免疫
Part of the immune system that uses cells (T cells, killer cells and macrophages) to directly attack foreign material without using antibodies; cell-mediated immunity is damaged by HIV infection
cerebrospinal fluid - 脑脊髓液
A clear fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord
cervical cancer - 子宫颈癌
An abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells in the cervix (the opening of the uterus) of women
cervical dysplasia - 子宫颈细胞病变
An abnormal growth of tissue in the cervix (the opening of the uterus) of women; if untreated, cervical dysplasia can lead to cancer
chlamydia - 依原体病毒
A sexually transmitted infection; if untreated, it can lead to cancer
cholesterol levels - 胆固醇水平
The amount of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol is a fatty substance (lipid) that plays an important role in normal body functioning; there are 2 types of cholesterol: high-density (HDL) and low-density (LDL) lipoproteins
cirrhosis - 肝硬化
A condition in which the liver is damaged and doesn’t work well; causes include infection (for example, hepatitis) and excessive alcohol consumption
CKR5
See: coreceptor
clinical endpoint - 临床终点
A direct marker of disease progression, for example, disease symptoms or death; the effectiveness of a drug is often tested by looking at clinical endpoints that develop over time in patients receiving the drug
CMV
See: cytomegalovirus
cohort study - 群组研究
An observational study that follows a group of people (the cohort) over a period of time; the group usually shares some characteristic in common, such as gender, medical condition or HIV risk group
co-infection - 重叠感染
Having two or more infections at the same time; for example, HIV and hepatitis C
combination therapy
See: highly active antiretroviral therapy
Combivir - 双汰芝(商品名)
An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; Combivir is a combination of AZT and 3TC, two drugs that are nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs, nukes)
community-based research - 社区研究调查
Research that involves community members in all stages of the research process, from definition of the research question to conducting research to analyzing results and reporting findings
comorbidity - 并存疾病
The presence of more than one disease or health condition in a person at the same time
compassionate use - 特许使用未认可药物
When an experimental drug is made available to seriously ill patients outside of the clinical trial setting before the drug is approved for general use
complementary and alternative health care (CAHC)
See: complementary therapy
complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
See: complementary therapy
complementary therapy - 辅助疗法
Health and medical practices that fall outside of conventional Western medicine, such as herbal therapies, mind-body therapies and naturopathy
complete blood count - 全血球指数
A series of tests to examine the components of blood, including red and white blood cells, hematocrit and hemoglobin; these common tests give a general sense of overall health
computed tomography scan - 电脑断层扫描
A method of visualizing soft tissues of the body using X-rays
condom - 安全套
A physical barrier used during sexual intercourse to prevent the transmission of semen; the male condom covers the penis, the female condom is inserted into the vagina; condoms lower the risk of pregnancy and of contracting sexually transmitted infections
Condylomata acuminate
See: genital wart
contraindication - 禁忌症候
A disease, condition or circumstance where a treatment must not be used
control arm - 对照小组
A group in a clinical trial that does not receive the studied treatment; by comparing this group with the group that does receive the treatment, researchers can tell whether the treatment is working
Copegus
See: ribavirin
coreceptor - 辅助受体
A molecule found on the surface of cells that is used by HIV to enter the cell; HIV needs both the CD4 molecule and a co-receptor to infect a cell
correctional facility - 惩教所
A prison or jail
Crixivan
See: indinavir
cross resistance - 交义抗药, 交义耐药
Resistance to one drug that also causes resistance to other drugs of the same class
cross-over design - 交义对照设计
A clinical trial design in which the therapy given to different groups (or arms) is switched during the course of the trial (the arm receiving drug is switched to placebo, and vice-versa)
cross-sectional study - 横断面研究
A study that looks at a broad range of people but at only one time point
cryptococcal meningitis - 隐球菌脑膜炎
A fungal infection of the brain and spinal cord that affects the brain’s ability to function
cryptosporidiosis - 隐性孢子虫病
A fungal infection of the brain and spinal cord that can affect brain function
C-section
See: caesarean section
CSF
See: cerebrospinal fluid
CT scan
See: computed tomography scan
CXCR4
See: coreceptor
cytokine - 细胞分裂素
A protein produced by some white blood cells to send messages to other cells
cytomegalovirus - 巨细胞病毒
A virus that can cause CMV retinitis, which can lead to blindness if left untreated; CMV is an opportunistic infection
d4T - 司他夫定
An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; d4T is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI, nuke)
data safety and monitoring board - 资料安全性监察委员会
A group of experts that makes sure a clinical trial is safe and ethical
ddC - 扎西他滨
An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; ddC is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI, nuke)
ddI - 去羟肌苷
An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; ddI is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI, nuke)
delavirdine - 地拉伟定
An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI, non-nuke)
dementia - 痴呆症
A loss of the ability to think clearly, often accompanied by changes in emotions
deoxyribonucleic acid - 脱氧核糖核酸
A molecule that encodes genetic information and is found in the nucleus of cells
depression - 抑郁症
A state of sadness or despair; clinical depression is a medical diagnosis in which a person cannot live normally because of feelings of sadness, inadequacy and a lack of energy
DEXA
See: dual-energy x-ray absorbtiometry
diabetes - 糖尿病
A disease characterized by high blood glucose levels, caused by not enough insulin in the blood or by cells that do not respond to insulin
diagnosis - 诊断
The act of determining what illness a sick person has. Diagnosis generally involves the patient`s medical history, clinical symptoms and laboratory test results
diarrhea - 腹泻
Frequent, loose bowel movements; diarrhea may be caused by HIV, other infections or medicines
didanosine
See: ddI
disclosure - 公开
Telling someone about your HIV status
DLV
See: delavirdine
DNA
See: deoxyribonucleic acid
doctor–patient relationship - 医生与病人的关系
The interaction between a patient and a doctor
double blind - 双盲法
A clinical trial where neither the subject nor the researcher knows what treatment, if any, the subject is receiving
drug cocktail
See: highly active antiretroviral therapy
drug desensitization - 药物减敏
Reducing or avoiding an allergic reaction to a drug by first giving a small amount, then slowly increasing the dose
drug holiday - 药物假期
Stopping all anti-HIV medication for a period of time; structured treatment interruption is an experimental procedure for studying the effects of stopping treatment under specific conditions
drug interaction - 药物相互作用
When one drug changes how a second drug behaves in the body, often increasing or decreasing the amount of the second drug in the blood
drug regimen - 药物配合法
A pill-taking schedule that includes the amount of drug, the number of doses per time period and the time between doses
drug resistance - 抗药性/耐药性
The ability of HIV or any other microbe to lose its sensitivity to a drug; resistant forms of HIV can function and replicate despite the drug's presence
drug sensitivity - 药物敏感
The ability of HIV or any other microbe to be affected by a drug (for example, HIV is sensitive to AZT if AZT is able to prevent viral replication)
drug user - 吸毒者
A person who uses recreational drugs
DSMB
See: data safety and monitoring board
dual-energy X-ray absorbtiometry - 双能量 X射线扫描（测量骨质密度）
A medical imaging test that assesses bone density, and is used to detect osteoporosis
ED
See: erectile dysfunction
efavirenz - 依非伟伦
An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI, non-nuke)
efficacy trial - 药效比较实验
A clinical trial that tests a drug’s ability to treat a disease or condition
EFV
See: efavirenz
EI
See: entry inhibitor
ELISA
See: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
emtricitabine
See: FTC
Emtriva
See: FTC
endemic - 地方病
In HIV/AIDS research, endemic refers to a country where the prevalence of HIV is greater than 1% and the main way people become infected with HIV is through heterosexual intercourse
endocrine system - 内分泌系统
The system that regulates body functions via hormones secreted into the bloodstream; the endocrine system includes the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal glands and gonads (ovaries and testes)
ENF
See: enfuvirtide
enfuvirtide - 融合抑制剂
An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; enfuvirtide is an entry inhibitor (EI)
entry inhibitor - 侵入抑制剂
A class of anti-HIV drugs that suppress HIV from entering cells
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - 酶联免疫吸附试验
A laboratory test used to detect the presence of antibodies in the blood; in diagnosing HIV infection, ELISA is used for first-line screening for HIV antibodies and is typically confirmed using a western blot assay
epidemiology - 流行病学
The study of how a disease affects a population, including how many people it affects, who it affects, and how it moves through the population
Epivir
See: 3TC
Epzicom
See: Kivexa
erectile dysfunction - 勃起功能障碍
A condition where a man has trouble achieving or maintaining an erection
esophageal candidiasis - 食道念珠菌感染
A fungal infection of the esophagus (throat) that may cause painful swallowing leading to weight loss
euthanasia - 安乐死
The deliberate ending of life to end pain and suffering
exclusion criteria - 排除标准
Characteristics of an individual that disqualify him or her from taking part in a clinical trial (for example, CD4+ cell count, pregnancy, other drugs taken)
expanded access - 扩大获得
A program that makes experimental drugs available on a wide basis to patients who don`t qualify for a clinical trial
facial wasting - 面部秏损症
A form of lipodystrophy that involves losing the fat under the skin of the face
FI
See: fusion inhibitor
Fortovase
See: saquinavir
fosamprenavir - 福沙那伟
An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; fosamprenavir is a protease inhibitor (PI)
FPV
See: fosamprenavir
FTC - 胞嘧啶核苷类似物
An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; FTC is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI, nuke)
fungal infection - 霉菌感染
A disease caused by fungi, such as candidiasis (thrush), cryptococcal meningitis and toxoplasmosis
fusin
See: coreceptor
fusion inhibitor - 融合抑制剂
A class of anti-HIV drugs that suppress HIV by stopping it from fusing with the membrane of host cells
Fuzeon
See: enfuvirtide
gastrointestinal condition - 肠胃病
Any medical problem related to the stomach or intestines, such as nausea or diarrhea
gay man - 男同志
A man who has emotional and sexual relations with other men
genital wart - 生殖器尖锐湿疹
Genital and/or anal warts are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) and may appear as tiny white spots or as larger tumours or masses; genital warts are typically sexually transmitted and may be larger or more numerous in people with HIV
genome - 基因组
The unique genetic code or hereditary material of an organism; the genome of HIV contains 9 genes
genotypic testing - 遗传因子测试
A test for drug resistance that reads the virus’s genetic code to look for changes known to be associated with resistance to certain drugs
gonorrhea - 淋病
A sexually transmitted infection caused by a bacteria; gonorrhea may cause a thick discharge from the penis or vagina, and sometimes a burning sensation when urinating; in many people, especially women, there may be no symptoms
gynecological condition - 妇科病
Any medical condition affecting the female reproductive organs
HAART
See: highly active antiretroviral therapy
hairy leukoplakia - 毛状白斑
An opportunistic infection causing white lesions (patches) on the cheeks, gums or tongue, possibly related to Epstein-Barr virus infection
half-life - 半存留期
The time required for half the amount of an agent (for example, drug, virus, cell type) to be eliminated from the body; a drug with a long half-life stays in the body for a long time
harm reduction - 减少伤害
An approach to treatment, especially for injection drug users, that avoids making judgments about addictions or requiring people to stop using drugs before receiving treatment or care
heart condition - 心脏病
A medical condition that leads to the heart not functioning as well as normal
hemophilia - 血友病
A disorder that prevents normal blood clotting; hemophilia is hereditary
hep C
See: hepatitis C
hepatitis - 肝炎
An inflammation of the liver that may be caused by several agents, including viruses and toxins; hepatitis is characterized by jaundice, enlarged liver, fever, fatigue and abnormal liver function tests
hepatitis C - 丙型肝炎
A viral disease that causes inflammation of the liver and may lead to life-threatening liver damage, cirrhosis and/or liver cancer; HCV is spread by unprotected sex, contaminated blood products or shared needles
hepatotoxicity - 肝中毒
Destructive to the liver
herpes simplex virus - 单纯疱疹病毒
A virus that causes blisters and recurring disease; one type usually produces painful lesions on the lips or in the mouth (\"cold sores\" or \"fever blisters\"), while another type is usually sexually transmitted and lesions generally occur around the genitals or anus; in people with HIV/AIDS, lesions may last longer and be more frequent and severe than in HIV-negative people
heterosexuality - 异性恋
Sexual or romantic attraction to people of the opposite sex
hGH
See: human growth hormone
highly active antiretroviral therapy - 高效抗逆转录病毒疗法
Treatment for HIV infection involving a combination of three or more antiretroviral drugs
high-risk behaviour - 高风险行为
Activities that carry a high risk of transmitting HIV or other infections; examples include unprotected sex and sharing needles
histoplasmosis - 组织胞浆菌病
An opportunistic infection that can cause inflammation in several organs
HIV
See: human immunodeficiency virus
HIV-discordant couple - 伴侣其一感染艾滋病毒，另一个没有
A couple in which one partner is HIV positive and the other is HIV negative
Hivid
See: ddC
home-based HIV testing kit - 家居艾滋病测试器
A diagnostic test for HIV that can be done at home
homeopathy - 同类疗法
A complementary therapy that uses minute doses of natural medicines that in larger quantities would cause symptoms similar to those a person has
homophobia - 恐惧同性恋
The fear of homosexuals or homosexuality
homosexuality - 同性恋
Sexual or romantic attraction to people of the same sex
HPV
See: human papillomavirus
HSV
See: herpes simplex virus
human growth hormone - 生长激素
A hormone normally produced by the body to stimulate metabolism, protein synthesis and the immune system; manufactured forms are used to treat HIV-related wasting syndrome
human immunodeficiency virus - 人体免疫缺陷病毒
The virus that infects humans, attacks and weakens the immune system and causes AIDS
human papillomavirus - 人乳头状瘤病毒
A group of viruses that can cause abnormal growth of tissues, such as warts or cervical or anal cancers
human rights - 人权
The basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled, including the right to life and liberty, freedom of thought and expression, and equality before the law
humoral immunity - 体液免疫性
The part of the immune system that involves antibodies
hyperlipidemia - 高血脂
High levels of lipids (cholesterol or triglycerides) in the blood
hypersensitivity reaction - 过敏性反应
An immune response (or allergic reaction) to a drug that does not normally cause an overreaction; symptoms may include runny nose, sneezing, skin rash, asthma or anaphylactic shock
hypertension - 高血压
High blood pressure
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