自考英语语法复习资料30
(17)虚拟语气一、语气的定义和种类。
1 语气(mood)
语气是动词的一种形式,表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
2 语气的种类
a. 陈述语气:表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如:
There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。
Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗?
How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊!
b. 祈使语气:表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如:
Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。
Don't forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。
c. 虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如:
If I were a bird,I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。
I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。
May you succeed!祝您成功!
二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法。
条件从句有两类,一是真实条件句,另一是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况可能发生,是真实条件句,这种情况下谓语用陈述语气。如:
If time permits,we'll go fishing together.如果时间允许,我们就一起去钓鱼。
如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句。如:
If you had come yesterday,you would have met that famous professor.如果你昨天来,你就会见到那位著名的教授了。
(隐含的事实是:你昨天没来,也没见到那位著名教授)。
在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中,主从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气,现将其形式列表如下:
动词形式 时间
从句
主句
与现在事实相反
动词过去式(be的过去式用were)
would(could/should/might)+动词原形
与过去事实相反
had+动词过去分词
would(could/should/might)+have过去分词
与将来事实可能相反
动词过去式
should+动词原形
were to+动词原形
would(could/should/might)+动词原形
注:主句中的should只用于第一人称,但在美国英语中,should常被would代替;从句中的should可用于各种人称。
1.表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如:
If I were you,I should(would ,could,might)tell him the truth. 要是我是你,我就会告诉他真相了。(事实上我不是你)
If she had time,she would(could,might)help me.如果她有时间,她就会帮我了。(事实上她没有时间)
2 表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如:
If I had known your telephone number yesterday,I should(would,could,might)have telephoned you.如果昨天我知道了你的电话号码,我就会给你打电话了。(事实上我昨天不知道你的电话号码。)
If you had taken my advice,you wouldn't(couldn't) have failed in the exam.如果你听了我的建议,你就不会考试不及格。(事实上你根本没听我的。)
3 表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如:
If it should rain,the crops would(could,might)be saved.假如天下雨,庄稼可能就收获了。
——What would happen if I put the paper on the fire?
——It would burn.
——我若把只放在火上会怎么样?
——纸会烧着。
注:在表示与将来事实可能相反的条件从句中,were to + 动词原形比较正式,常用于书面语中。如:
If you were to go to Beijing,you would (could,might) have a chance to visit Tian An Men Square.
三、虚拟语气的其它用法。
1 虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法。
在“It is important (strange,natural,necessary) that…”这类句型中,that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “(should)+动词原形”结构,表示某事是“重要”,“奇怪”,“自然”,“必要”等意义。如:
It is important that every Beijinger (should) be able to speak English. 重要的是每个北京人能说英语。
It is necessary that he (should) be sent to hospital at once. 有必要马上把他送医院。
2 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法。
(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中,表示与现在或过去的事实相反,或对将来的主观愿望,从句通常省略连词that.
a.表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be的过去式用were )表示。如:
I wish I knew the answer to the question.
我希望知道这个问题的************************************.(可惜不知道。)
I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.但愿我的家乡四季如春。(只是愿望,实际根本不可能实现。)
b.表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词用 had+过去分词。如:
I wish (that) I hadn't wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(实际上已经浪费掉了。)
He wishes (wished) he hadn't lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(事实上机会已经失去了,他感到惋惜。)
c.表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为 “would/should/could/might+动词原形”,此时要注意,主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同,因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现,取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动作名词除外)。如:
I wish it would stop raining.但愿雨能停止。
I wish you would be quiet.我希望你安静一些。
(2)在suggest(建议),demand(要求),order(命令),propose(建议),insist(坚持要做),command(命令),request(要求),desire(希望)等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用 “(should)+动词原形”,表示建议,要求,命令等。如:
I suggest that we (should) start the meeting at once.我建议马上开会。
The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south.这位即将毕业的学生坚持要到南方去工作。
注:当suggest表示暗示,主语为something;insist表示坚持观点时,后接的宾语从句当用真实语气。比较:
His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示着他赞成我的决定。
He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。
He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people's health. 他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。
He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.他坚持他每天都要早操。
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