各类文体的写作技巧大全
分类作文及相应结构一 对比观点选择题
结构（一）
1． 引入
2． 说明观点：（1）有人认为；（2）另外一些人认为
3． 个人观点 （一般是折中的观点）以及原因
结构（二）
1． 引入
2． 一种观点以及原因
3． 另外的观点及原因
4． 个人观点 （折中的观点）
Useful Expressions：
开头，提出问题, 展示问题的重要性：
Recently, the issue of… has been brought into public focus.
Recently, the issue of whether or not to… has aroused wide concern in the public.
Recently, the problem of… has aroused people’s concern
People’s views on… vary/ differ from person to person.
Opinions are divided on…
Attitudes towards… vary greatly.
People stand on different grounds.
There is on consensus of opinions among people as to the view of…
一些人的观点：
Some people think/ hold/ insist/ state/ suggest/ emphasize/ claim/ maintain/ argue/ believe/ say…
They go on to point out/ They also say…
另一些人的观点：
Now it is generally accepted that…, but there is an ongoing heated discussion as to…
However/ On the other hand/ Yet/ But/ Nevertheless
There is some truth, but…
However, there are a large number of people who hold a different view concerning this case/ issue/ phenomenon
On the other hand, there are also many opponents who strongly…
However, other people stand on a different ground.
提出个人观点
Personally, I side with the latter opinion/ former opinion.
Personally, I am in favor of the former point of view.
To my point of view,
For my part, I stand on side of the latter opinion.
As far as I am concerned,
Taking into consideration both sides of the issue, I tend to favor the latter view.
If it is up to me to make a choice between A and B, I would rather choose…
结尾
Despite all the disadvantages/ advantages, … overweigh…/ … are greater than…
Whether A is a blessing or a curse is a difficult question to answer.
Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that…
Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that…
Hence, / therefore, we’d better come to the conclusion that…
There’s no doubt that…
二 分析说明类 （观点固定， 但是需要做分析和预测的）
（一） 结构
1． 引入
2． 分析说明 原因/ 危害
3． 结论＋预测＋措施
（二） 句型
开头可以参照 对比观点的
分析说明原因，危害的，列举：
×× has/ have done great harm to…
×× is/ are not beneficial to…
… means greatly to…
To start with/ Next/ In addition/ Finally
First and foremost/ Besides/ Last but not least
Most important of all/ Moreover/ Finally
结尾：
It’s high time that we put an end to…
It is time to take the advice of … and to put special emphasis on the improvement of…
There’s no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of…
Obviously, if we want to do something, it is essential that…
Only in this way can we…
It must be realized that…
(正面说明)
Obviously, if we don’t control the problem, chances are that…will lead us in danger.
No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that…
It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation.
用得比较多的句子
With the rapid economic growth,…
With an increase in the general standard of people’s living,…
Challenges usually come hand in hand with opportunities.
In addition to government involvement, we also call for individual efforts. No individual can shake the responsibility for…
Now they have to face up to competitions more intense than ever before.
It’s reported that graduates with adequate qualifications remain more popular with all employers. （硬件）
Those who are not as competitive as their peers can also manage to find jobs so long as they are patient and modest enough. (软件)
三 图表题
table, chart, diagram, bar graph（横向的柱状图），pie chart（饼图）, line graph (线图)，histogram （柱状图）
（一） 逻辑结果
图表题，算是另外一种意义上的分析说明题，只要得出了结论，后面的结合分析说明一样，说明原因或后果，并预测以及提出建议。
1． 对图表说明的情况的描述
（1） 概括描述（说明图表要表明的问题， 时间地点的描述都不要漏）
（2） 具体描述 ： 必要数据支持，
2． 提出自己的结论和观点, 说明可能的原因或可能造成的后构（据题意）
(1) （2）（3）
3． 预测并提出解决方案
（二） 句型
As we can see from the chart/ graph/ table/ diagram…
The chart shows/ displays/ reveals…
As can be shown in the table,
The figures/ statistics in the chart reflect/ betray/ show/ tell/ reveal that…
It is clear/ apparent from the chart that…
急剧上升(下降)： a sharp/ steep/ dramatic/ drastic/ sudden/ rapid increase/ rise(decrease/ drop/ decline)
缓慢上升，稳步上升：a steady/ gradual/ slow increase
结尾：
Professionals/ Experts/ Specialists/ Analysts/ Observers point out that…
We’re confident that…
最后做结论尽量避免以I 做主语。
名词 动词 词组
上升 growth
rise
increase
raise Ascend
climb
grow
mount
lever up
shoot up
jump reach a peak
go up hill
be on the rise
下降 decrease
reduction
decline lessen
lever down
sink
shrink touch the bottom
go down hill
be on the decline
稳定 bottom
summit
peak hold
remain
maintain have the largest percentage
occupy the lion’s share
不稳定 fluctuation
change fluctuate
vary rise and full
ebb and flow
四 谚语格言题
这类题出得比较少，总的来说不难，要说难的话，主要难在对谚语的正确理解，以及是否能够举出相对应的典型例子。
结构：
1． 用自己的话阐释谚语格言的意义。有时有正反的逻辑。
2． 举例论证。有时也会举正反两面的例子来论证
3． 再次重申对谚语的理解。
Practice makes perfect.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
五 应用文
（一）信封格式：
名字、信箱、地域范围由小到大，写在右下角（与我们相反）。
（二）信纸格式：
日期：背月份的缩写
称呼（后面的标点是逗号）ear Sir or Madam, To whom it may concern,
正文：空4个字节或者顶格写，段与段之间空行）
签名：sincerely yours
书信写作的五点要求：
1、开门见山说意图
2、咨询/ 建议1、2、3、
3、不同内容可分段
4、感谢客气不可少
5、期待回信成老套
（三）开头段：
1、 告知对方你的身份（假如对方不认识你）
Dear Sir/ Mr. Prometheus,
I was a student at your college, enrolled in Philosophy Department.
/ I am a… at your…
/ I am a … at your college, enrolled in the… course.
/ My name is…, I am…
2、 问候收信人（假如他/她是你的朋友）
Dear Prometheus,
Hello / Hi. How are you? / I hope everything is fine. / How are things going with you?
/ How are you getting on in / getting along with…..?
3、 解释写信的原因
（1） 致谢：
I deeply appreciate your courtesy and I hope to reciprocate your favor when the opportunity arises.
/ I am greatly indebted to you for (the double) you have gone to on my behalf.
/ Thank you for your letter about studying in Canada.
/ I am writing to tell you how grateful I am for…
/ I would like to thank you most sincerely for…
（2） 抱怨：
I am writing to complain about the poor service at your dining-room.
/ I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with / at…
/ I wish to make a complaint about…
/ I am writing to draw your attention to….
/ I am afraid I have got a complaint about….
（3） 致歉：
I would be grateful if you would be so kind as to provide me with certain essential information regarding the following aspects.
/ I am writing to you because I am unable to….
/ I an terribly sorry that….
/ I would like to express my apologies for not being able to….
（4） 询问：
I would like to obtain /request/seek/inquire about some information about…
/ I am writing to ask if you can do me a favor.
/ I would like some detailed information on/about….
（四）结尾段：
1、发出请求
（1）Please give this matter your immediate attention.
（2）I would very much appreciate it if……as soon as possible.
（3）Please render me some valuable advice which is conductive to my final decision.
2、提供帮助
（1）I hope these……will be helpful, and please feel free to contact me for more information.
（2）……will be taking responsibility for you and if you should need any assistance, she/he will be pleased to help you
3、 再次表示歉意或感激
（1）Thank you for your kind assistance.
（2）Please accept my heartfelt thanks and deepest gratitude, now and always.
（3）I am sorry that I cannot……, and trust that you will understand.
（4）In addition, let me apologize for any inconvenience I may have caused.
（5）I shall feel obliged by a reply at your earliest convenience.
（6）Once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.
4、 期盼回信：R.S.V.P.
（1）I look forward to your prompt response.
（2）Looking forward to a prompt reply,
（3）I expect to hear from you very soon.
（4）I hope to receive your reply shortly.
（5）I am already eagerly awaiting your reply to this first letter.
范文：
Traveling
People who like traveling have their reasons. They maintain that traveling can help them expand their scope of knowledge, especially geographical and historical learning. They go on to point out that touring will provide more chance for them to enjoy food and try on clothes that they otherwise cannot possible have.
Those who dislike traveling have their reasons. They would argue that traveling means a considerable amount of money and energy. For example, traffic and accommodation require money and walking while seeing sights often tires you.
In practice, travelling does more good than harm. If your finance and health permit, you might as well do some travelling from time to time. It will at least enable you to get familiar with people and things that you will probably grow to like and love.
Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?
A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test (CET). Some people argue that it is absolutely necessary to hold a test of spoken English in China because we have been informed frequently that a Chinese student who has been learning English for over ten years cannot even communicate with a native speaker. Sometimes even those top students who excel in grammar and writing skills find their English inadequate to express their thoughts freely. A test of English will bring the college students an awareness of the importance of oral English, and will thus help them with their communicating skills.
On the other hand, some others still maintain that a good command of reading and writing skills will be enough for the English learners. To some extent their opinion derives from the fact that students are already under considerable pressure from their opinion derives from the fact that students are already under considerable pressure from their coursework. Another required test will only add to their burden. Moreover, some students may take the shortcut by focusing on several guessed questions according to the fixed format of the test, hoping for a coincidence to bring them good luck.
In my opinion, a test of spoken English will do more good than harm. Since China will continue its policy of opening and reform, the ability to speak English fluently is a must for anyone who wants to surpass others in a highly competitive society. Whether I take the test or not, I shall spare no efforts to practice oral English in the remaining years of my college study.
Private Cars
写成4段的首段写法：
①In recent years, with fast economic growth, private cars have appeared in many families in China. People's attitude toward private cars varies widely
With the increase in the general standard of living, some ordinary Chinese families begin to afford a private car.
②Yet, people's opinions of private cars vary from person to person/ public attitude toward it varies greatly/ widely./ is quite of the contrary./ differs sharply.
③ In recent few years, the phenomenon/ issue/ problem of owning a private car has been brought to public attention/ in the limelight. People's views on/ opinions of owing a private car vary widely
写成3段的首段写法
With the development of modern society/ science and technology, / With the improvement of people's living standard, more and more people can own private cars.
cars are entering ordinary families
the growing number of people/ people in ever increasing numbers can have access to private cars.(此句是引言)
支持段的主题句：
Some people claim that/ As is pointed out that/ It is generally believed that/ It is widely accepted that, there are some advantages of owning a private car.
There is no doubt that private cars benefit people hugely.
支持段的分论点：
① 方便 First, private cars provide people with the most convenient form of transportation.
② 舒适 Second, it is comfortable for people to travel in, especially in changeable weather/ raining days/ sand storm.
③ 炫耀 Third, only a private car can show a person's social status/ achievement/ success/ prosperity in his or her career.
否定段的主题句：① However (Nonetheless/ Nevertheless/ But), there are some disadvantages of owing a private car/ Every coin has two sides.
② While enjoying the convenience that private cars bring us, we should not ignore the problem they create/ produce/ introduce/ make.
③ Despite/ In spite of/ For all the advantages, they brings their own disadvantages/ problems/ negative effects
④ Like anything else, private cars also have their own weakness/ limits.
⑤ However, private cars are not without shortcomings/ faults.
⑥ Yet other speak of the problems private cars have brought. They complain that......
⑦ However, private cars may also bring with it problems our society had not previously faced.
⑧ Despite the increase in efficiency and convenience generated by private cars, the changes they bring could very well lead to potentially adverse consequences.
否定段的分论点：
① 占有空间 On the one hand, private cars take up/ occupy too much space.
② 交通事故 On the other hand, a driver should be careful/ cautious while driving, otherwise, car accidents are more likely to happen.
③ 污染环境 What's more/In addition, private cars give off/ discharge/ release CO which pollute the environment/ air.
注意：所谓上义词是指抽象、概括和笼统的，就是比较superordinate的词；而下义词就是具体的东西，即subordinate的东西。
第四段（总结段）的写法：
① Despite all the disadvantages mentioned above, I still think that the advantages outweigh/ are greater than the disadvantages. As for the above problem, I'm sure they will be settled by the scientists in the future/ It is only a matter of time for the problems to be solved.
② Unquestionably, the challenge of private cars means we all should consider how we can control them, so that they will not control us.
③ Whether the private cars are a blessing or a curse is a difficult question to answer, yet the desire for the comfort and independence a private car can bring will not be elminated.
④ Anyway/ Anyhow/ In any case, whether the effect is good or bad, one thing is certain: private cars have changed and will continue to change the way of our transportation, our leisure and our life.
My View on Fate
There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the view of fate. Some people believe that everyone is born to a certain that he can not change, while some other people think that every man is the master of his own life.
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion. There is a saying, “Everyone is the architect of his own future.” Which means one’s fate is decided in his own hands. In fact, no one is destined to a certain fate in his or her life. Those who claim that they were born to fail or be unlucky just can’t realize how much inner strength and ability they have. We must depend on ourselves to changes our lives and make us successful and happy.
Let’s take Helen Keller, an extraordinary American woman, for example. When she was only 19 months old, she became blind and deaf. Instead of accepting her misfortune helplessly, she showed great courage and unconquerable spirit in fighting against her destined fate and was awarded the President’s Medal of Freedom in 1964 because of the achievements she had made for helping the blind, the deaf and the speechless. This story tells us that a wise man is always creating his own fate rather than waiting for good luck.
In conclusion, I believe that everyone is born equal and is the builder of his own fate We can have good fortune only if we take pains and work hard. We should bear the following saying in mind, “Every man is the master of his own fate.”
How I Finance My College Education
Nowadays/ At present/ Currently/ These days/ Today, tuitions and fees for college students are 【more expensive】 much higher than ever before. How to finance my college education has become a matter of concern.
There are many ways to support my college education financially./ Ways to support my university study financially vary greatly/ are various.
In the first place, I can get/ gain/ obtain all the money from my parents. In the second place, I can apply for/ ask for a bank loan, especially set up/ established for college students/ undergraduates. What’s more, I can find a part time job to earn enough money.
Personally/ As far as I’m concerned/ In my opinion/ From my point of view/ To my way of thinking/ As I see it, I prefer the bank loan for the following reasons. For one thing, my parents are not rich enough to afford me. For another, I will not have enough time and energy to study after finishing my part-time/ temporary/ odd jobs. In addition, I believe I can hunt a rewarding/ dream job after graduation, and then I will be able to pay off/ pay back/ return/ give back.
Therefore /So /Hence,.....
绿化我们的城市
In contemporary society, while our industries and businesses have experienced a(n) rapid/ fast/ amazing/ marked/ fantastic development, the number of trees in many large cities has declined/ decreased/ reduced sharply/ dramatically. Although remarkable efforts have been exerted to prevent more trees from being cut, the realization of making cities greener is still of great importance.
What benefits can the program of making cities greener bring to us? First, the air will be cleaner. Scientific experiments have already proved that trees can reduce air pollution by producing a lot of oxygen. This will improve the quality of the urban environment. Second, our cities will look more beautiful. Just imagine the city which is full of trees and flowers. What an attractive garden it is! What’s more, by making cities greener, we can provide our industry with timber the precious natural resources.
Making cities greener requires more than widespread awareness; it calls for an immediate commitment to planting more trees and growing more flowers.
(Making cities greener requires the whole nation’s efforts. And not only should most people gain the awareness of the significant contribution of making cities greener to urban environment, but also make a commitment to the protection of more trees against business.)
写作练习：Jobs for Graduates
1) 大学生难找工作
2) 原因很多
3) 解决的办法
With the fantastic development of modern society, people in ever increasing numbers have access to tertiary education （高等教育）. As a result, job-hunting is now becoming headache for most graduates.
范文23：Nowadays, college graduates come to realize that it is not easy to get a rewarding job. Most/ Many of them can not get a job right after graduation.
The job market for college students/ graduates is getting tighter and tighter. According to a survey, only 80% of college graduates of the class of 2002 found jobs the year they graduated, compared with 95% in 2000. Why do college graduates find it increasingly difficult to get jobs?
第二段细节论证
分析原因：
1、Among the most convincing/ important reasons given/ cited/ offered/ identified by people for this problem/ phenomenon, one should be stressed/ emphasized/ mentioned...
2、One may regard/ see/ view/ think of the trend/ increase/ phenomenon as a sign of/ result of/ response to/ reaction to ...
3、The increase/ change/ failure/ success in ... mainly/ largely/ partly results from/ arises from is due to/ owing to/ attributable to the fact that/ several factors ...
Several years ago, many students were enrolled in/ admitted to/ taken in/ matriculated popular major, so that the supply is superior to/ outweigh/ exceeds the demand. Many graduates are reluctant to work in the remote areas/ western provinces/ developing areas/ less developed country. Graduates without working experiences are now losing their appeal for many international cooperations, such as ...
国家制定法律法规
个人接受教育
Changes in People’s Diet
As can be seen from the table, the past five years has witnessed dramatic changes in people’s diet. Grain, as the staple food of most Chinese, is now playing a less important role in their diet, while the consumption of high quality food such as meat, milk and fruit has greatly increased.
There are two factors leading to the change. For one thing, people now enjoy a higher standard of living. In the old days few families could afford meat and milk every day, which often meant a big chunk of the family income. But now people have enough money to taste a rich verity of foods. For another, people of today attach more attention to nutrition. They are not merely content to fill the stomach. They are seeking the most reasonable diet which will do good to their health.
In a word, with people’s standard of living getting higher and higher, changes in their diet will be more obvious and greater.
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